Moving from genomics to immunopeptidomics surveillance. (A) World map illustrating the ambition of profiling immunopeptidomes across human populations using advanced immunopeptidomics technologies. A microfluidic device for automated sample preparation and a mass spectrometer for data acquisition are shown as representative examples of technologies that could be further developed. (B) Schematic of the workflow to identify immunopeptidomic signatures of disease susceptibility/resistance to stratify patients and help personalize mitigation strategies in future pandemics. SARS-CoV-2 is used for illustrating the concept. In this example, viral peptides are isolated at populations-scale from plasma samples (patient cohorts). Fictive bar plot of HLA-I-allele-specific self peptides in different organs (patient #1) and population-scale quantitative digital maps of soluble HLA-associated SARS-CoV-2 peptides from plasma samples are illustrated.