Effect of the number of VDACs on ATP efflux to the cytosol at a constant membrane potential of 180 mV. (A–C) Number of molecules measured over time in different compartments. (D) Number of ATP molecules measured over time in the cytosol relative to the initial concentration. (E) Percentage increase of ATP in the cytosol after 1 s for different numbers of VDACs in the OM. The number of VDACs goes from 100 to 1,500 (in these simulations fast ANTs were considered, r = 10).