Parameter exploration for the ANT model at a constant membrane potential of 180 mV. We employed the ODE model to explore the impact of faster ANTs on ATP production, and for that, we changed the rate constants of the ANTs. We multiplied the rate constants k_p, k_cp, k_t, and k_d by a factor of r, where r takes values between 1 and 10. The ADP concentration in the IMS was kept constant in these simulations. (A–C) Number of molecules measured over time in the different compartments. (D) Number of ATP molecules measured over time in the cytosol relative to the initial number of molecules. (E) Percentage increment of the number of ATP molecules in the cytosol after 1 s relative to the slowest ones (r = 1), for all ANTs considered from the slowest (r = 1) ones to the fastest ones (r = 10).