Figure 3.
CRS with marked increase of TNFα, IL-10, sCD25, and sCD163 and profound changes of innate leukocytes. (A–D) Violin plots depicting serum concentrations of IL-1RA, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, sCD25, and sCD163 comparing MIS-C (red), severe COVID-19 (orange), and respective HCs (blue). (B and D) Normalized values for age (Log2 fold change of individual values versus the median of age-matched HCs). Dashed lines show median and quartiles. Significance determined by Mann–Whitney U tests (and Dunn’s test for multiple testing), indicated by *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; and ****, P < 0.0001. (E) UMAP representation of innate leukocytes (within PBMCs) of 9 MIS-C patients, 9 adults with severe COVID-19, and 20 age-matched HCs. (F) Signature marker expression characterizing innate leukocyte clusters. Legend depicting fluorescence intensity. (G) Density plot of UMAP panels stratified by condition or HC group. (H) Boxplots representing median and ranges of normalized B lymphocyte cluster proportions versus the median of corresponding HCs (Log2 fold change). Significance determined by multiple Mann–Whitney U tests and corrected for multiple testing (FDR of 5%) both within disease and age-matched HCs (in red and orange for MIS-C and severe COVID-19, respectively) or between MIS-C and severe COVID-19 (in black, right), indicated as *, q < 0.05; **, q < 0.01; ***, q < 0.001; and ****, q < 0.0001. (I) Violin plots depicting percentage of CD16+ monocytes among viable PBMCs. Dashed lines show median and quartiles. Significance determined by Mann–Whitney U tests (and Dunn’s test for multiple testing), indicated by ****, P < 0.0001. Values for individual patients are displayed with MIS-C (red), severe adult COVID-19 (orange), and age-matched HCs (blue). Distinct symbols depict patients with severe MIS-C with (inverted triangle) or without treatment (triangle) and moderate disease (circle).

CRS with marked increase of TNFα, IL-10, sCD25, and sCD163 and profound changes of innate leukocytes. (A–D) Violin plots depicting serum concentrations of IL-1RA, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, sCD25, and sCD163 comparing MIS-C (red), severe COVID-19 (orange), and respective HCs (blue). (B and D) Normalized values for age (Log2 fold change of individual values versus the median of age-matched HCs). Dashed lines show median and quartiles. Significance determined by Mann–Whitney U tests (and Dunn’s test for multiple testing), indicated by *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; and ****, P < 0.0001. (E) UMAP representation of innate leukocytes (within PBMCs) of 9 MIS-C patients, 9 adults with severe COVID-19, and 20 age-matched HCs. (F) Signature marker expression characterizing innate leukocyte clusters. Legend depicting fluorescence intensity. (G) Density plot of UMAP panels stratified by condition or HC group. (H) Boxplots representing median and ranges of normalized B lymphocyte cluster proportions versus the median of corresponding HCs (Log2 fold change). Significance determined by multiple Mann–Whitney U tests and corrected for multiple testing (FDR of 5%) both within disease and age-matched HCs (in red and orange for MIS-C and severe COVID-19, respectively) or between MIS-C and severe COVID-19 (in black, right), indicated as *, q < 0.05; **, q < 0.01; ***, q < 0.001; and ****, q < 0.0001. (I) Violin plots depicting percentage of CD16+ monocytes among viable PBMCs. Dashed lines show median and quartiles. Significance determined by Mann–Whitney U tests (and Dunn’s test for multiple testing), indicated by ****, P < 0.0001. Values for individual patients are displayed with MIS-C (red), severe adult COVID-19 (orange), and age-matched HCs (blue). Distinct symbols depict patients with severe MIS-C with (inverted triangle) or without treatment (triangle) and moderate disease (circle).

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