Atg8ylation and autophagy roles in innate immunity and immune cells. (A) Summary of anti-inflammatory action in disease contexts and animal models, and illustrations of proinflammatory signaling platforms targeted by atg8ylation or autophagy. (B) Direct antimicrobial action of atg8ylation and autophagy and microbial adaptations to counter or utilize atg8ylation or autophagy. (C) Roles of atg8ylation and autophagy in different types of immune cells, including homeostasis and immunometabolism. M1 and M2 refer to classically and alternatively activated macrophages. Details are given in the text.