STING KO mice exhibited increased glucose consumption and metabolic changes. (A) Plasma glucose levels in mice with indicated genotypes before and after exercise. Data represent mean ± SEM of 10–15 mice per group. (B and C) Glycogen content in mice liver (B) and TA muscle (C; n = 9) with indicated genotypes before and after exercise. (D and E) Representative images of PAS staining in mice liver (D) and thigh muscle (E) with indicated genotypes before and after exercise. Scale bars, 100 µm. (F–I) Oxygen consumption (VO₂; F), carbon dioxide release (VCO₂; G), heat production (H), respiratory exchange ratio (I) of STING WT or STING KO mice (n = 7). (J and K) Locomotion activity of WT and STING KO mice. The light (J) or dark (K) time locomotion were measured in 8–12 wk old WT and STING KO mice using CLAMS (n = 7). Data were collected every 16 min. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. ST, STING; NE, non-exercise; EX, exercise. (L) Maximal treadmill running distance for mice with indicated genotypes. Data represent mean ± SEM of five mice per group. (M) Electrical shock counts in STING WT and KO mice. Electrical shock number of separated treadmill lanes were collected and shown in 8–12 wk old WT and STING KO male mice (n = 6) during a 90 min exercise program. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. NS, not significant; *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001; ****, P ≤ 0.0001; ^#, P ≤ 0.05. Unpaired two-tailed t test for comparison of two groups. Two-way ANOVA for comparison of magnitude of changes between different groups in mice of different genotypes.