STING deficiency boosts exercise-induced autophagy in mice. (A) STING expression was examined in the indicated tissues of WT mice and STING KO mice. (B–E) Representative images of GFP-LC3 puncta in mouse skeletal muscle, including the extensor digitorum longus (EDL; B) and vastus lateralis (thigh; D) of GFP-LC3 WT and STING KO mice before and after exercise. NE, no exercise; EX, exercise. (C and E) Quantification of data (mean ± SEM of 10 tissue sections) in B and D. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ****, P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar, 20 µm. (F) Immunoblot analysis of autophagic flux and AMPK phosphorylation (p-AMPK Thr172) in vastus lateralis muscle from three mice of the indicated genotypes before and after exercise. (G) Quantitative analysis of autophagy and AMPK activities upon exercise. Immunoblot analysis of autophagic flux and AMPK phosphorylation (p-AMPK Thr172) in vastus lateralis muscle from mice of the indicated genotypes before and after exercise, n value as indicated below. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-tailed t test was used to compare different genotype for each condition. Two-way ANOVA for magnitude of changes between different conditions in mice of different genotypes. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ****, P ≤ 0.0001. Source data are available for this figure: SourceData F3.
Figure 3.

STING deficiency boosts exercise-induced autophagy in mice. (A) STING expression was examined in the indicated tissues of WT mice and STING KO mice. (B–E) Representative images of GFP-LC3 puncta in mouse skeletal muscle, including the extensor digitorum longus (EDL; B) and vastus lateralis (thigh; D) of GFP-LC3 WT and STING KO mice before and after exercise. NE, no exercise; EX, exercise. (C and E) Quantification of data (mean ± SEM of 10 tissue sections) in B and D. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ****, P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bar, 20 µm. (F) Immunoblot analysis of autophagic flux and AMPK phosphorylation (p-AMPK Thr172) in vastus lateralis muscle from three mice of the indicated genotypes before and after exercise. (G) Quantitative analysis of autophagy and AMPK activities upon exercise. Immunoblot analysis of autophagic flux and AMPK phosphorylation (p-AMPK Thr172) in vastus lateralis muscle from mice of the indicated genotypes before and after exercise, n value as indicated below. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-tailed t test was used to compare different genotype for each condition. Two-way ANOVA for magnitude of changes between different conditions in mice of different genotypes. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ****, P ≤ 0.0001. Source data are available for this figure: SourceData F3.

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