Light-induced changes of membrane potential and membrane current upon coexpression of Nav1.4 and β1-ChR2 in Xenopus oocytes. (A) Current-clamp and voltage-clamp recording in the absence of TTX. The membrane potential was set to −80 mV, and both the change of membrane voltage and the inward current were followed on a 25-ms light pulse delivered to the whole oocyte. (B) Current-clamp and voltage-clamp recording in the presence of 400 nM TTX (same oocyte as in A). The toxin did not reduce the light-triggered inward current recorded at −80 mV. Pulsing from −120 to −35 mV in the voltage-clamp mode revealed that the toxin blocked >99% of Nav1.4 channels, similarly as shown in Fig. 7.