Shifts of Q–V curves of the Shaker potassium channel with fast inactivation removed depends on the integration times. Protocols and results (left). Activation protocol is in the left inset, and the charge is plotted as open squares. The deactivation protocol is the inset on the right, and the charge is plotted as red symbols for integration time of 300 ms and black symbols for integration time of 50 ms. Δt represents the pulse duration for deactivation. Minimum kinetic model that accounts for the experimental data (right). See text for details. Adapted from Lacroix et al. (2011).