LPA induces an increase in current at both positive and negative potentials. (A and B) Representative traces for the currents elicited by 4 µM capsaicin (A) or by 5 µM LPA (B) at different potentials. The dashed line indicates zero-current level. (C) Summary of the microscopic current–voltage relations for capsaicin-elicited currents (black circles) and LPA-elicited currents (red triangles). Data are presented as mean ± SEM., n = 5. The increase in current is significant P 0.05 at −100, −60, −20, 60, and 100 mV (Student’s t test). Single-channel recordings were performed in the inside-out configuration of the patch clamp, with a holding potential of 0 mV and increasing square voltage pulses as indicated.