Ca signaling during ECC in atrial myocytes. (A) Transverse tubule staining in ventricular and atrial myocytes with the membrane-bound fluorescent dye Di-8-ANEPPS. (B) Transverse (c) confocal line scan image of an atrial AP-induced CaT. Electrical stimulation triggered a "U"-shaped CaT (b), indicating that [Ca]i increased first at the cell periphery (a) before propagating toward the center of the myocyte. (d) Local CaTs (top) originating from subsarcolemmal (SS) j-SR and central (CT) nj-SR regions and the Ca signal averaged over the entire width of the cell (bottom). (C) Spatiotemporal pattern of an AP-induced atrial CaT visualized by two-dimensional confocal microscopy. Reproduced from Blatter et al. (2003).