Viral load (sgmRNA copies/ml) kinetics in swabs and BAL after SARS-CoV-2 inoculation of 19 vaccinated aged rhesus macaques. Black lines represent individual animals, red lines the group median up to day 6, the last day of follow-up before scheduled euthanasia. Dotted horizontal line represents the LLOQ. Data of a related challenge of naive animals (n = 4) using an identical challenge strain, challenge regimen, and readouts were added to the sham control group data, collectively referred to as pooled control, to increase statistical power.