Mechanoelectrical responses of V. cholerae and E. coli membrane to ramps of pressure. (Top) Typical response of an excised inside-out patch to a 1-s saturating triangular ramp in V. cholerae (A) and E. coli (B). Responses of the same patches to a slow nonsaturating ramp protocol designed to reveal single-channel conductances for V. cholerae (C) and E. coli (D).