Membrane voltage, measured optically and with an intracellular microelectrode. The cell, stained with di-8-ANEPPS, was held under current clamp, at a pipette voltage of −80 mV, using the “silicone-clamp” technique. The active (grease-free) segment of the cell had a length of ∼100 µm and a diameter of 41 µm. The pipette had a resistance of 1.8 MΩ in the bath. (A) Measured current, Im, for a nominal train of 40 nA pulses. (B) SEER ratio R(x,t)/R0(x), averaged over 16 trains. (C) Line-averaged R/R0 (black trace) and simultaneously recorded pipette voltage Vm. Both records were plotted at vertical scales adequate to match the peaks. Note the discrepancy (arrow) reproducible with every pulse of the train. ID: 010712a, series 17–33.