Schematic overview of mitochondrial subproteomes in health and disease. This figure contextualizes mitochondrial proteomes to their biological pathways and the consequences of the proteome compositions to clinical phenotypes. Mitochondrial pathways responsible for fundamental cellular functions within the cell, including OXPHOS, TCA cycle, β oxidation, apoptosis, proteolysis, redox, protein import, and calcium regulation, are detailed. Other mitochondrial functions related to specific cell types are not listed. Within each mitochondrial subproteome, the first number represents the total number of proteins associated with its function (the number of proteins was collected in our previous study; Zhang et al., 2008); the next number inside the parentheses (*) signifies the portion of the total proteins in this particular subproteome reported to be implicated in metabolic diseases.