Gliotransmission evokes nSICs in PPNs. (A and A1) Representative paired recording of astrocyte and PPN. Both types of cells were identified morphologically and based on their current profile. aCSF without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ + TTX (1 µM) was used to promote the appearance of nSICs. Astrocytes were dialyzed with 40 mM BAPTA through the pipette and continuous recording of neuron (black trace) and astrocyte were performed for 45–60 min. No nSICs were observed under these experimental conditions (n = 6). (A2) A second neuron was patched after dialysis of the astrocyte (>45 min). This neuron was 20–50 µm away from the original pair recording. Note that no nSICs were observed. (A3) A third neuron located to the right of the original pair recording (>50 µm) showed a nSIC. (B) Summary of nSICs recorded in 3 different neurons (in the same slice) during and after astrocyte dialysis with BAPTA.