Effects of GLP-1 and glucose on cAMP levels in INS-1E cells. Total cellular cAMP was measured in INS-1E cells at the indicated times after incubation in Krebs Ringer buffer with 2.5 mM (▪) glucose, 16 mM (▴) glucose, or 2.5 mM glucose with 30 nM GLP-1 (▾) in the presence of 0.5 mM IBMX. Values represent means ± SEM (n = 4) of total cAMP content per well, with each well containing equivalent number of cells (2.5 × 105 cells were plated into each well two days before the assay).