Sex distributions for patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease. The major clinical manifestations of the three most female-biased systemic rheumatic diseases—SS, SSc, and SLE—are depicted on the right. SS is characterized by chronic lacrimal and salivary gland inflammation leading to exocrine gland hypofunction. SSc is typified by chronic immune activation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis of the skin and vital organs. SLE manifests with myriad clinical manifestations, including mucocutaneous, renal, pleural/pericardial, and joint disease. Diseases with data based on <2,000 patients are not included (Ramos-Casals et al., 2015).