Mice treated daily with 2.0 g/kg BW glucosamine (GA) for 13 wk do not show alterations in growth and BW, blood glucose levels, or astro- and microgliosis in brain tissues. (A and B) BW was measured monthly, between the ages of 1 and 3 mo. Mean values and SD obtained for 12 mice per genotype, per sex, per treatment are shown. (C) The blood glucose levels were tested at the age of 4 mo. Individual data, means, and SD obtained for ≥24 mice per genotype, per treatment are shown. P values were measured using two-way ANOVA (A and B) and one-way ANOVA (C) with Tukey post hoc tests. (D) Levels of activated CD68⁺ microglia and GFAP⁺ astrocytes are not changed in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex of 4-mo-old Hgsnat^P304L mice treated with glucosamine. Panels show representative images of somatosensory cortex (layers 4–5) and hippocampus of 4-mo-old WT, and Hgsnat^P304L mice treated or not with glucosamine and stained for GFAP (green) and CD68 (red). Scale bars equal 25 µm. Bar graph shows quantification of CD68⁺ and GFAP⁺ area with ImageJ software. Individual results, means, and SD of experiments with five mice per genotype, per treatment are shown. P values were calculated using nested one-way ANOVA test with Tukey post hoc test. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.