AAV5-mediated Hsp90β expression in astrocytes demonstrated a proconvulsant effect in the TLE model. (A) Experimental design. (B) AAV2-GFP or AAV5-GFP was injected into the sclerotic hippocampus to show cell type–specific expression. Representative images of GFP and GFAP or of GFP and NeuN staining in the AAV5-GFP– and AAV2-GFP–injected sclerotic hippocampus, respectively. Merged images revealed co-localization of GFP with GFAP in the AAV5-injected hippocampus (arrowheads) and the co-localization of GFP with NeuN in both the AAV2- and AAV5-injected hippocampus (arrows). Bar, 50 µm. (C) Seizure frequency was measured from the EEG data recorded during baseline (open columns) during the last 20 d after AAV5 injection (filled columns) and during the last 20 d after 17AAG injection (gray columns). (D) The fold change in seizure frequency after AAV5 or 17AAG injection was determined (n = 6 for each group; **, P < 0.01, Student’s t test). Data are combined from two independent experiments. (E) The fold change in seizure frequency after AAV2 injection (AAV2-NC, n = 4; AAV2-Hsp90β, n = 6 mice). Data are representative of two independent experiments. Seizure frequency, mean number of seizures per day; NC; negative control; SE, status epileptic.