Loss of Shp2 in macrophages attenuates innate intestinal inflammation. Mice were challenged with 2.5% DSS and were sacrificed at day 7. (A and B) Single-cell suspensions of CLP were analyzed for the frequencies of different cell populations by flow cytometry (gated on CD45⁺ cells). (C and D) The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum (C) and culture supernatant from colon tissues (D) were determined by ELISA. n = 5 for DSS cohorts and n = 3 for H₂O cohorts. (E) Colon tissues were pooled from three mice, CD11b⁺ cells were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were evaluated by qPCR. (F) The levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in culture supernatant from colon tissues were determined by ELISA. (G) The mRNA levels of T cell–related cytokines and transcriptional factors in mLN and spleen were determined by qPCR. n = 4–7. u.d., undetectable. Data are mean ± SEM and are representative of three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test.