Neu5Gc expressed on NTHi induces anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in Cmah−/− mice. (A and B) Cmah−/− mice were injected intraperitoneally with heat-killed NTHi (without adjuvant) which had been grown in sialic-acid free media (Sia-free NTHi, n = 16) or with sialic-acid free media with 1 mM Neu5Gc (Gc-NTHi, n = 17). All mice were injected a total of three times at 2-wk intervals. Sera collected after the third injection were analyzed by ELISA for IgM (A) and IgG (B) antibodies against Neu5Gcα-PAA. The highest and lowest value from each group was removed before graphing. Horizontal lines represent the mean values. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired one-tailed Student’s t test. (C) Pooled mouse serum from mice injected intraperitoneally with heat-killed NTHi grown in sialic-acid free media with 1 mM Neu5Gc was analyzed in an ELISA for levels of anti-Neu5Gc IgG antibodies against Neu5Gcα2–3Galβ1–4Glcβ-HSA (black bar), Neu5Gcα2–6Galβ1–4Glcβ-HSA (gray bar), Neu5Gcα2–3Galβ1–4GlcNAcβ-HSA (white hashed bar), and Neu5Gcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc-HSA (white bar). Values represent mean IgG levels, quantified according to a mouse IgG standard curve. Error bars represent SD. For comparison, serum from 12-mo-old infants (n = 15) was analyzed for levels of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies against Neu5Gcα2–3Galβ1–4Glcβ-HSA (black bar), Neu5Gcα2–6Galβ1–4Glcβ-HSA (gray bar; same data as shown in Fig. 1 B). Values represent mean IgG levels, quantified according to a human IgG standard curve. Error bars represent SEM. Data are representative of greater than three independent experiments.