Intratumoral expression of IL-12 but not IL-23 leads to rejection of experimental gliomas. (A and B) In vitro analysis of GL-261, GL-261luc:Fc, GL-261luc:IL-12 and GL-261luc:IL-23 cells; data representative of ≥3 independent experiments: (A) MHCI (H-2D(b)) and MHCII (I-A(b)) expression. (B) 3[H]-Thymidine incorporation of GL-261 cells/well, error bars represent SD, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. (C–E) GL-261 cells were injected into the right striatum of WT animals. (left) BLI emitted from a circular region of interest (ROI) around the tumor site, each trace represents BLI of an individual animal; (right) survival plot of the same experiment, two independent experiments pooled; Log-Rank test; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. (C) Survival of mice challenged with GL-261 or GL-261luc:Fc (n ≥ 8/group), with GL-261luc:Fc or GL-261luc:IL-23 cells (D; n ≥ 10/group, P = 0.0432) or GL-261luc:Fc or GL-261luc:IL-12 cells (E; n = 12/group, P = 0.0002). (F) Largest cross-section of representative tumors (n = 6/group) at day 35, brown: F4/80 immunoreactivity; counterstained with hematoxylin, arrow head: GL-261luc:IL-12 tumor. Bar, 2 mm.