DCs expand in pancreatic carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. (A) Pancreata from p48Cre;Kras^G12D and WT mice were examined by immunofluorescence using anti-CD11c. (B and C) In addition, the fraction of both CD45⁺ and CD11c⁺ leukocytes (B) and the total number of DCs (C) in pancreata of 9-mo-old p48-Cre;Kras^G12D and WT mice were determined by flow cytometry (**, P < 0.01). (D and E) DCs from the pancreata of WT and p48-Cre;Kras^G12D mice were further examined for B220 (D) and additional surface marker expression (E). Median fluorescence is shown below respective histograms. Experiments are representative of those repeated more than three times using a mean of three mice per group. (F) Frozen sections of human pancreatic cancer specimens were examined by immunofluorescence (CD123) and immunohistochemistry (DC-SIGN and CD1a). Insets show higher magnification. (G) The fraction of DCs among all CD45⁺ leukocytes in both the pancreas and the spleen was measured at timed intervals during the 3-wk course of caerulein administration in WT mice (mean of four mice per data point). (H) The total number of DCs per pancreas was measured on day 21 of saline or caerulein administration in WT mice (**, P < 0.01). Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.