Behavioral performances of CaMKII-TDP-43 Tg mice. (A) Water maze tests of 2-mo-old WT and TDP-43 Tg mice. The learning/memory capabilities are expressed as the latencies exhibited in six consecutive sessions of the test. Results represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (n = 20 mice/group). (B) Comparison of the cognitive functions of 2-mo-old WT and Tg mice in the fear-conditioning task. (C) Locomotor activity test of 2-mo-old WT and Tg mice. Results in B and C represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments and (n = 16 mice/group). (D) Abnormal limb-clasping of a 6-mo-old Tg mouse in comparison to a WT mouse when suspended by their tails. Results are representative of five independent experiments. (E) Rotarod tests of WT and Tg mice. The time until drop from the rotating rod (20 r.p.m.) are shown for mice at 2, 4, and 6 mo of age. (F) Performance of mice in 1-h novel object recognition tests. The results represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (n = 10 mice/group). *, P < 0.05.