TDP-43 oligomer seeding in recipient cells induced by cell culture material and ALS patient–derived CNS lysates. (A) Setup for seeding experiments with CM. (B and C) Luciferase activity measurement 3 d after CM from HEK-293 cells transfected with mock or myc-TDP was added to either HEK-293 cells cotransfected with TDP-L1 + TDP-L2 (B) or primary mouse neurons cotransduced with rAAV6.2 encoding TDP-L1 and TDP-L2 (C). n = 14 and n = 27, respectively. (D and E) Luciferase activity measurement of mouse primary neurons cotransduced with rAAV6.2 encoding TDP-L1 and TDP-L2 after 4.5 h of treatment with postmortem cerebellar (n = 9 different patients and controls) or cortical (n = 8 different patients and controls) lysates, respectively. Mean ± SEM. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. n.s., not significant.