Reduced migration and proliferation, and increased apoptosis in keratinocytes isolated from FOXO1-deleted mice. (A) Western blot analysis for FOXO1, TGF-β1, phospho-SMAD2/3, SMAD2/3, and actin as loading control in K14.Cre⁻.FOXO1^L/L and K14.Cre⁺.FOXO1^L/L keratinocytes. (B) Cell migration of K14.Cre⁻.FOXO1^L/L and K14.Cre⁺.FOXO1^L/L keratinocytes was assessed by transwell migration assay; the migrated cells were stained with DAPI and photographed and counted. (C) Apoptotic keratinocytes were measured by TUNEL staining. (D) BrdU level of K14.Cre⁻.FOXO1^L/L and K14.Cre⁺.FOXO1^L/L keratinocytes. BrdU incorporation was determined by measuring absorbance at 450 nm. Data show mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05 vs. K14.Cre⁻.FOXO1^L/L keratinocytes.