Computational modeling of the ESM. (A) The EPISIM platform was used to build a CBM of the ESM. The model contains four distinct cell types: (1) fast dividing cells (FDC), (2) basal cells (BC), (3) suprabasal cells (SBC), and (4) early suprabasal cells (ESBC). All cells are placed on a basal membrane and exert specific adhesion forces. pos., position. (B) During simulation, keratinocytes built up the characteristic triangular structure of the EET, with CMFDA⁺ cells becoming distributed on top (dashed arrows), thereby reflecting the experimental results obtained by using the organotypic in vitro wound-healing model. Arrowheads indicate the wound margin, and white arrows show the leading edge of the EET. Broken lines denote dermal–epidermal junction. The 1.5 and 53.3% reepithelialized wound images are reproduced from Fig. 7 B (0 and 24 h, respectively). Bar, 100 µm.