The VCCs are associated with tubulin and the kinesin KIF3A. (A) Confocal micrographs of HIV-1–infected macrophages. Cells were fixed and stained with antibodies specific for the indicated proteins. A z-projection of a stack of images is presented on the top row, and the bottom row shows one confocal plane of the magnification of the boxed area. Bar, 10 µm. (B) Structured illumination microscopy of HIV-1–infected macrophages stained for p24 and KIF3A. (C) 3D reconstruction with half opacity of the region boxed in B. Bar, 3 µm. (D) Immuno-EM of ultrathin cryosection of macrophages infected with HIV-1 NLAD8 for 7 d labeled for the indicated proteins. Arrowheads point to KIF3A staining associated with α-tubulin at the limiting membrane of a VCC. Bar, 500 nm. Experiments have been repeated at least twice.