Time course of CASK knockdown changes in spine morphology. (A) CASK shRNA and nonsilencing control were cotransfected with GFP into hippocampal neurons at 13 DIV. Immunostaining using CASK and GFP antibodies were performed at 15, 16, and 18 DIV as indicated. (B) Representative images of neurons transfected with CASK shRNA and nonsilencing control. Only the GFP signals are shown to outline the morphology of dendrites. The effect of CASK shRNA on down-regulation of CASK protein levels is shown in Fig. S2 . (C) Quantification analysis. More than 14 neurons collected from two independent experiments were analyzed for each group. The total number of spines analyzed in each group was as follows: 15 DIV, 1,225 nonsilencing and 1,028 CASK shRNA; 16 DIV, 1,660 nonsilencing and 1,420 CASK shRNA; and 18 DIV, 1,878 nonsilencing and 1,730 CASK shRNA. Mean values ± SEM for each group are shown. Bars, 2 μm.