Model for the biogenesis of the autophagosome. Upon autophagy induction, a ULK1 complex–PI3-kinase feedback loop initiates the assembly of autophagy proteins on an untethered ATG9A vesicle. Approximately half of these prephagophores proceed to be tethered to cellular membranes via ATG2A. Only 20% of the ATG2A-positive phagophores mature to a point where the ATG8 family proteins (LC3, GABARAPL1) and the cargo adaptor P62 are detectably recruited, while the majority (80%) of autophagy protein foci disassemble without forming mature autophagosomes. The formation and growth of a full autophagosome take about 90–145 s. Upon closure, the autophagy proteins dissociate, and the mature autophagosome is untethered and delivered to lysosomes (>60 s).
Figure 9.

Model for the biogenesis of the autophagosome . Upon autophagy induction, a ULK1 complex–PI3-kinase feedback loop initiates the assembly of autophagy proteins on an untethered ATG9A vesicle. Approximately half of these prephagophores proceed to be tethered to cellular membranes via ATG2A. Only 20% of the ATG2A-positive phagophores mature to a point where the ATG8 family proteins (LC3, GABARAPL1) and the cargo adaptor P62 are detectably recruited, while the majority (80%) of autophagy protein foci disassemble without forming mature autophagosomes. The formation and growth of a full autophagosome take about 90–145 s. Upon closure, the autophagy proteins dissociate, and the mature autophagosome is untethered and delivered to lysosomes (>60 s).

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