Skinned myocyte Ca 2+ activated force development. (A) Representative skinned isolated myocyte fragment mounted in the experimental chamber using optical glue (SL = 2.2 μm; room temperature; 10 μm calibration bar). (B) Average force–[Ca2+] relationships in Sham and AOB. (C) Average Hill parameters obtained in the Sham (open bars) and AOB (closed bars) groups. Force was normalized to cross-sectional area (Sham n = 7 hearts; AOB n = 7 hearts). Approximately six myocytes were studied per heart. Subsequently, multiple muscle data were averaged to derive a single average datum per heart. *P = 0.05 (Fmax P = 0.005; Hill parameter P = 0.614; EC50 P = 0.664).