Resources available for the study of the major lipid classes
| Lipid . | Antibodies . | Lipid analogs . | Small molecule modulators . | Membrane editing tools . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chol | PFO | Johnson et al. (2012) | TopFluor cholesterol | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| SM | Lysenin | Yamaji et al. (1998) | C11 TopFluor sphingomyelin | Avanti Research | 14l | Yang et al. (2025) | caCer | Facilitates conversion of ceramide to SM by SMS2. | Kol et al. (2019) |
| CL | Antibody | Guarnieri et al. (1971), Sorice et al. (2004) | TopFluor CL | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| BMP | Monoclonal antibody 6C4 | Kobayashi et al. (1999) | ✗ | ✗ | PLD3, PLD4, and LPLA2 are possible future targets | Singh et al. (2024), Chen et al. (2023) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PC | ✗ | ✗ | TopFluor PC | Avanti Research | Geranylgeraniol and farnesol | Miquel et al. (1998) | azo-PC | Photo-switchable azobenzene-containing lipid. | Pritzl et al. (2022), Urban et al. (2018), Pernpeintner et al. (2017), Pritzl et al. (2025) |
| PE | Lantibiotic probes | Zhao (2011) | TopFluor PE | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PG | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | Alexidine dihydrochloride | Doughty-Shenton et al. (2010) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PI | Bc-PI-PLCANH | Maib et al. (2024) | TopFluor PI | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PPIn | PI3P, PI4P, PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2, and PIP3 antibodies plus recombinant probes for these and PI(3,5)P2. | Puri et al. (2018), Hammond et al. (2009), 2006; Posor et al. (2013), Yip et al. (2008), Maib et al. (2024) | TopFluor PI(4,5)P2, TopFluor PI4P, TopFluor PI(3,5)P2, TopFluor PI(3,4,5)P3, and TopFluor TMR PI4P | Avanti Research | SAR088 (PI5P4K), the PITCOIN series (PI3KC2α), apilimod (PIKfyve), and recently optimized PI4KΑ/PI4KΒ inhibitors | Lo et al. (2022), Jin and Xue (2023), Burke et al. (2023), Takeuchi et al. (2025) | CRY2 and FKBP systems for many PPIn species | CRY2 is optogenetically activated. FKBP is chemically inducible. | Heo et al. (2006); Suh et al. (2006); Varnai et al. (2006); Fili et al. (2006); Goulden et al. (2019); Idevall-Hagren et al. (2012) |
| PS | Annexin V and PS antibody 1H6 | van Engeland et al. (1998); Mourdjeva et al. (2005) | TopFluor PS | Avanti Research | DS07551382, DS55980254, and PTDSS1 | Yoshihama et al. (2022); Omi et al. (2024) | FKBP-ΔPHD-ORP5 and FKBP-ΔPHD-ORP8 | Facilitates PM PI4P reduction and PS increase. | Chung et al. (2015); Chung et al. (2023) |
| PA | ✗ | ✗ | TopFluor TMR PA | Avanti Research | R59022 | Courcelles et al. (1985); Su et al. (2009); Wichroski et al. (2023); Chupak et al. (2023) | superPLD | Optical activation to induce PA synthesis. | Li et al. (2024) |
| BMS-502 | |||||||||
| FIPI | |||||||||
| Lipid . | Antibodies . | Lipid analogs . | Small molecule modulators . | Membrane editing tools . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chol | PFO | Johnson et al. (2012) | TopFluor cholesterol | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| SM | Lysenin | Yamaji et al. (1998) | C11 TopFluor sphingomyelin | Avanti Research | 14l | Yang et al. (2025) | caCer | Facilitates conversion of ceramide to SM by SMS2. | Kol et al. (2019) |
| CL | Antibody | Guarnieri et al. (1971), Sorice et al. (2004) | TopFluor CL | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| BMP | Monoclonal antibody 6C4 | Kobayashi et al. (1999) | ✗ | ✗ | PLD3, PLD4, and LPLA2 are possible future targets | Singh et al. (2024), Chen et al. (2023) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PC | ✗ | ✗ | TopFluor PC | Avanti Research | Geranylgeraniol and farnesol | Miquel et al. (1998) | azo-PC | Photo-switchable azobenzene-containing lipid. | Pritzl et al. (2022), Urban et al. (2018), Pernpeintner et al. (2017), Pritzl et al. (2025) |
| PE | Lantibiotic probes | Zhao (2011) | TopFluor PE | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PG | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | Alexidine dihydrochloride | Doughty-Shenton et al. (2010) | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PI | Bc-PI-PLCANH | Maib et al. (2024) | TopFluor PI | Avanti Research | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |
| PPIn | PI3P, PI4P, PI(4,5)P2, PI(3,4)P2, and PIP3 antibodies plus recombinant probes for these and PI(3,5)P2. | Puri et al. (2018), Hammond et al. (2009), 2006; Posor et al. (2013), Yip et al. (2008), Maib et al. (2024) | TopFluor PI(4,5)P2, TopFluor PI4P, TopFluor PI(3,5)P2, TopFluor PI(3,4,5)P3, and TopFluor TMR PI4P | Avanti Research | SAR088 (PI5P4K), the PITCOIN series (PI3KC2α), apilimod (PIKfyve), and recently optimized PI4KΑ/PI4KΒ inhibitors | Lo et al. (2022), Jin and Xue (2023), Burke et al. (2023), Takeuchi et al. (2025) | CRY2 and FKBP systems for many PPIn species | CRY2 is optogenetically activated. FKBP is chemically inducible. | Heo et al. (2006); Suh et al. (2006); Varnai et al. (2006); Fili et al. (2006); Goulden et al. (2019); Idevall-Hagren et al. (2012) |
| PS | Annexin V and PS antibody 1H6 | van Engeland et al. (1998); Mourdjeva et al. (2005) | TopFluor PS | Avanti Research | DS07551382, DS55980254, and PTDSS1 | Yoshihama et al. (2022); Omi et al. (2024) | FKBP-ΔPHD-ORP5 and FKBP-ΔPHD-ORP8 | Facilitates PM PI4P reduction and PS increase. | Chung et al. (2015); Chung et al. (2023) |
| PA | ✗ | ✗ | TopFluor TMR PA | Avanti Research | R59022 | Courcelles et al. (1985); Su et al. (2009); Wichroski et al. (2023); Chupak et al. (2023) | superPLD | Optical activation to induce PA synthesis. | Li et al. (2024) |
| BMS-502 | |||||||||
| FIPI | |||||||||
This table is not an exhaustive list, rather it is widely used and/or commercially available tools. An X denotes a lack of tools.