Table 1. Examples of the most common... | Rockefeller University Press

Table 1.

Examples of the most common biosensors for frequently-studied lipids

Lipid	Biosensors	Affinity	In vitro characterization	Cellular localization		References
Lipid	Biosensors	Affinity	Lipid specific?	Lipid dependent?	Lipid sufficient?	References
Chol	GRAM-H	Low	✗ also binds PS	✓	?	Koh et al. (2023), Ercan et al. (2021)
Chol	GRAM-W	High	✗ also binds PS	✓	?	Koh et al. (2023), Ercan et al. (2021)
SM	Lysenin		✓	✓	?	Abe et al. (2012), Kiyokawa et al. (2005), Yamaji et al. (1998)
PA	PASS	Low	✗ binds PI(4,5)P₂/PIP₃	✓	?	Zhang et al. (2014), Weckerly et al. (2025)
PA	PILS-Nir1	High	✗ binds PI(4,5)P₂	✓	✓	Zhang et al. (2014), Weckerly et al. (2025)
PS	C2-lactadherin		✓	✓	✓	Maeda et al. (2013), Vecchio and Stahelin (2018), Yeung et al. (2008)
DAG	C1ab-Prkd1		✓	✓	✓	Chen et al. (2008), Kim et al. (2011)
PI	Bc-PI-PLC^ANH		✗ also binds DAG	✓	✓	(Pemberton et al., 2020)
PI4P	P4M-SidM	Low	✓	✓	✓	Brombacher et al. (2009), Levin et al. (2017), Schoebel et al. (2010), Hammond et al. (2014)
PI4P	P4M-SidMx2	High	✓	✓	✓
PI3P	2xFYVE-Hrs1		✓	✓	?	Gillooly et al. (2000), Hsieh et al. (2021)
PI(4,5)P₂	Tubby_c	Low	✗ also binds PI(3,4)P₂/PIP₃	✓	✓	Halaszovich et al. (2009), Quinn et al. (2008), Szentpetery et al. (2009), Hammond and Balla (2015)
PI(4,5)P₂	Tubby_c^RH	High	✗ also binds PI(3,4)P₂/PIP₃	✓	?
PI(3,5)P₂	2xPX-SnxA	Low	✓	✓	?	Vines et al. (2023), Pemberton et al. (2025)
PI(3,5)P₂	SnxA	High	✓	✓	?	Vines et al. (2023), Pemberton et al. (2025)
PI(3,4)P₂	eTAPP1-cPH	Low	✓	✓	✓	Shu-Lin et al. (2018), Goulden et al. (2019)
PI(3,4)P₂	TAPP1-cPHx3	High	✓	✓	✓	Shu-Lin et al. (2018), Goulden et al. (2019)
PIP₃	PH-ARNO^2G-I303Ex2	Low	✗ binds IP₄	✓	✓	Hokanson et al. (2006), Plantard et al. (2010), Lu et al. (2011), Shu-Lin et al. (2018), Goulden et al. (2019)

Lipid	Biosensors	Affinity	In vitro characterization	Cellular localization		References
Lipid	Biosensors	Affinity	Lipid specific?	Lipid dependent?	Lipid sufficient?	References
Chol	GRAM-H	Low	✗ also binds PS	✓	?	Koh et al. (2023), Ercan et al. (2021)
Chol	GRAM-W	High	✗ also binds PS	✓	?	Koh et al. (2023), Ercan et al. (2021)
SM	Lysenin		✓	✓	?	Abe et al. (2012), Kiyokawa et al. (2005), Yamaji et al. (1998)
PA	PASS	Low	✗ binds PI(4,5)P₂/PIP₃	✓	?	Zhang et al. (2014), Weckerly et al. (2025)
PA	PILS-Nir1	High	✗ binds PI(4,5)P₂	✓	✓	Zhang et al. (2014), Weckerly et al. (2025)
PS	C2-lactadherin		✓	✓	✓	Maeda et al. (2013), Vecchio and Stahelin (2018), Yeung et al. (2008)
DAG	C1ab-Prkd1		✓	✓	✓	Chen et al. (2008), Kim et al. (2011)
PI	Bc-PI-PLC^ANH		✗ also binds DAG	✓	✓	(Pemberton et al., 2020)
PI4P	P4M-SidM	Low	✓	✓	✓	Brombacher et al. (2009), Levin et al. (2017), Schoebel et al. (2010), Hammond et al. (2014)
PI4P	P4M-SidMx2	High	✓	✓	✓
PI3P	2xFYVE-Hrs1		✓	✓	?	Gillooly et al. (2000), Hsieh et al. (2021)
PI(4,5)P₂	Tubby_c	Low	✗ also binds PI(3,4)P₂/PIP₃	✓	✓	Halaszovich et al. (2009), Quinn et al. (2008), Szentpetery et al. (2009), Hammond and Balla (2015)
PI(4,5)P₂	Tubby_c^RH	High	✗ also binds PI(3,4)P₂/PIP₃	✓	?
PI(3,5)P₂	2xPX-SnxA	Low	✓	✓	?	Vines et al. (2023), Pemberton et al. (2025)
PI(3,5)P₂	SnxA	High	✓	✓	?	Vines et al. (2023), Pemberton et al. (2025)
PI(3,4)P₂	eTAPP1-cPH	Low	✓	✓	✓	Shu-Lin et al. (2018), Goulden et al. (2019)
PI(3,4)P₂	TAPP1-cPHx3	High	✓	✓	✓	Shu-Lin et al. (2018), Goulden et al. (2019)
PIP₃	PH-ARNO^2G-I303Ex2	Low	✗ binds IP₄	✓	✓	Hokanson et al. (2006), Plantard et al. (2010), Lu et al. (2011), Shu-Lin et al. (2018), Goulden et al. (2019)

When applicable, a high-affinity and low-affinity biosensors are listed. For a more comprehensive list, see (Hammond et al., 2022).