Characteristics of approved TCEs
| TCE . | Format . | TAA:CD3 ratio . | Fc silencing mutations . | MW . | T1/2 . | TAA . | TAA mAb . | CD3 mAb (target) . | Target cell affinity . | CD3+ T cell affinity . | CD3 affinity/Target affinity ratio . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blinatumomab | BiTE (tandem scFv, no effector function) | 1:1 | NA | ∼54 kDa | 2.1 h | CD19 | HD37 | TR66 (OKT3 variant) | 1.49 nM | 260 nM | 1:175 | Amgen (2024a), Dreier et al. (2002), Löffler et al. (2000) |
| Mosunetuzumab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG1, KIH, attenuated Fc) | 1:1 | N297G, aglycosylated, no FcγR binding | 146 kDa | 6–11 d | CD20 | 2H7 | UCHT1 (CD3ε) | 68 nM | 40 nM | 1.7:1 | Budde et al. (2022a), Choi et al. (2024), Genentech (2024), Limb et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2015) |
| Epcoritamab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG1, Mab-like DuoBody, controlled Fab-arm exchange, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | L234F, L235E, D265A (FEA), no FcγR and C1q binding | 149 kDa | 22 d | CD20 | 7D8 | SP34 variant (CD3ε) | 2.4 nM | 4.7 nM | 1:2 | Choi et al. (2024), Engelberts et al. (2020), Genmab (2024) |
| Glofitamab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG1, KIH heterodimeric CrossMab with head-to-tail fusion Fabs, silenced Fc) | 2:1 | L234A, L235A, P329G (LALAPG), no FcγR and C1q binding | 197 kDa | 6–11 d | CD20 | B-ly1 (obinutuzumab) | SP34-like (CD3ε) | 4.8 nM | >20 nM | ∼1:4.2 | Bacac et al. (2018), Falchi et al. (2023), Genentech (2023), Hutchings et al. (2021), Mössner et al. (2010) |
| Odronextamab (REGN1979) | Asymmetric mAb (human IgG4, hinge-stabilized heterodimer, controlled arm exchange, attenuated Fc) | 1:1 | Effector function-minimized IgG4 | ∼150 kDa | 19–24 w time to LLOQ | CD20 | 3B9-10 | REG1250 (CD3δε) | Not found | Not found | | Blair (2024), Falchi et al. (2023), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2025b), Smith et al. (2015) |
| Teclistamab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG4 DuoBody, hinge-stabilized, controlled arm exchange, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | L234A, L235A (IgG4-PAA, minimized FcR binding) | 147 kDa | 15 d | BCMA | OMT rat anti-BCMA Ab | SP34 variant (CD3ε) | 180 pM | 28 nM | 1:156 | Choi et al. (2024), Janssen Biotech (2024), Moreau et al. (2022), Pillarisetti et al. (2020b), Strohl (2024) |
| Elranatamab (PF-06863135) | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG2Δaκ, heterodimerizing Fc mutations, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | G2ΔA, D265A (reduce FcγR binding) | 149 kDa | 22 d | BCMA | PF-06863058 | PF-06863059 (CD3ε) | 40 pM | 17 nM | 1:425 | Grosicki et al. (2023), Panowski et al. (2019), Pfizer (2023), Strohl (2024) |
| Linvoseltamab-gcpt (REGN5458) | Asymmetric mAb (human IgG4, hinge-stabilized heterodimer, controlled arm exchange, attenuated Fc) | 1:1 | Effector function-minimized IgG4 | 146 kDa | 6.5–7.7 d in monkeys | BCMA | Velocimmune mouse-derived | Velocimmune mouse-derived, likely REG1250 (CD3δε) | Not found | 120 nM | | Crawford et al. (2019), DiLillo et al. (2021), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2025a), Smith et al. (2015) |
| Talquetamab (JNJ-64407564) | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG4 DuoBody, controlled arm exchange, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | S228P, F234A, L235A (IgG4-PAA, minimized FcR binding) | 147 kDa | 8.4–12.2 d | GPRC5D | Not found | SP34-like (CD3ε) | 9.7–14 nM | 25 nM | 1:1.8–2.6 | Pillarisetti et al. (2020a), Janssen Biotech (2023) |
| Tebentafusp | ImmTAC (BiTE-like, disulfide bond-stabilized, soluble TCR fused to α-CD3 scFv, no effector function) | 1:1 | NA | ∼77 kDa | 7.5 h | gp100/HLA-A*02:01 | Affinity-matured TCR | UCHT1 (CD3ε) | 24 pM | 38 nM | 1:1,583 | Choi et al. (2024), Immunocore (2024), Liddy et al. (2012) |
| Tarlatamab (AMG 757) | HLE-BiTE (BiTE fused to attenuated IgG1-Fc with engineered CH2 disulfide bond) | 1:1 | N297G | ∼105 kDa | 11.2 d | DLL3 | XenoMouse-derived scFv | SP34-like (CD3ε) | 640 pM | 14.9 nM | 1:23 | Amgen (2024b), Giffin et al. (2021), Jacobsen et al. (2017) |
| Catumaxomab (LP-000, Removab) | Triomab trifunctional mAB (rat/mouse hybrid IgG2, quadroma technology, FcγR binding enabled) | 1:1 | None | 150 kDa | 2.5 d (plasma) | EpCAM | Mouse IgG2a Ho-3 | Rat IgG2b 26/II/6 | Not found. 560 pM (SPR) | Not found | Not found | Chelius et al. (2010), EMA (2025), Ruf et al. (2007), Syed (2025) |
| TCE . | Format . | TAA:CD3 ratio . | Fc silencing mutations . | MW . | T1/2 . | TAA . | TAA mAb . | CD3 mAb (target) . | Target cell affinity . | CD3+ T cell affinity . | CD3 affinity/Target affinity ratio . | References . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blinatumomab | BiTE (tandem scFv, no effector function) | 1:1 | NA | ∼54 kDa | 2.1 h | CD19 | HD37 | TR66 (OKT3 variant) | 1.49 nM | 260 nM | 1:175 | Amgen (2024a), Dreier et al. (2002), Löffler et al. (2000) |
| Mosunetuzumab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG1, KIH, attenuated Fc) | 1:1 | N297G, aglycosylated, no FcγR binding | 146 kDa | 6–11 d | CD20 | 2H7 | UCHT1 (CD3ε) | 68 nM | 40 nM | 1.7:1 | Budde et al. (2022a), Choi et al. (2024), Genentech (2024), Limb et al. (2022), Sun et al. (2015) |
| Epcoritamab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG1, Mab-like DuoBody, controlled Fab-arm exchange, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | L234F, L235E, D265A (FEA), no FcγR and C1q binding | 149 kDa | 22 d | CD20 | 7D8 | SP34 variant (CD3ε) | 2.4 nM | 4.7 nM | 1:2 | Choi et al. (2024), Engelberts et al. (2020), Genmab (2024) |
| Glofitamab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG1, KIH heterodimeric CrossMab with head-to-tail fusion Fabs, silenced Fc) | 2:1 | L234A, L235A, P329G (LALAPG), no FcγR and C1q binding | 197 kDa | 6–11 d | CD20 | B-ly1 (obinutuzumab) | SP34-like (CD3ε) | 4.8 nM | >20 nM | ∼1:4.2 | Bacac et al. (2018), Falchi et al. (2023), Genentech (2023), Hutchings et al. (2021), Mössner et al. (2010) |
| Odronextamab (REGN1979) | Asymmetric mAb (human IgG4, hinge-stabilized heterodimer, controlled arm exchange, attenuated Fc) | 1:1 | Effector function-minimized IgG4 | ∼150 kDa | 19–24 w time to LLOQ | CD20 | 3B9-10 | REG1250 (CD3δε) | Not found | Not found | | Blair (2024), Falchi et al. (2023), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2025b), Smith et al. (2015) |
| Teclistamab | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG4 DuoBody, hinge-stabilized, controlled arm exchange, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | L234A, L235A (IgG4-PAA, minimized FcR binding) | 147 kDa | 15 d | BCMA | OMT rat anti-BCMA Ab | SP34 variant (CD3ε) | 180 pM | 28 nM | 1:156 | Choi et al. (2024), Janssen Biotech (2024), Moreau et al. (2022), Pillarisetti et al. (2020b), Strohl (2024) |
| Elranatamab (PF-06863135) | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG2Δaκ, heterodimerizing Fc mutations, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | G2ΔA, D265A (reduce FcγR binding) | 149 kDa | 22 d | BCMA | PF-06863058 | PF-06863059 (CD3ε) | 40 pM | 17 nM | 1:425 | Grosicki et al. (2023), Panowski et al. (2019), Pfizer (2023), Strohl (2024) |
| Linvoseltamab-gcpt (REGN5458) | Asymmetric mAb (human IgG4, hinge-stabilized heterodimer, controlled arm exchange, attenuated Fc) | 1:1 | Effector function-minimized IgG4 | 146 kDa | 6.5–7.7 d in monkeys | BCMA | Velocimmune mouse-derived | Velocimmune mouse-derived, likely REG1250 (CD3δε) | Not found | 120 nM | | Crawford et al. (2019), DiLillo et al. (2021), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2025a), Smith et al. (2015) |
| Talquetamab (JNJ-64407564) | Asymmetric mAb (humanized IgG4 DuoBody, controlled arm exchange, silenced Fc) | 1:1 | S228P, F234A, L235A (IgG4-PAA, minimized FcR binding) | 147 kDa | 8.4–12.2 d | GPRC5D | Not found | SP34-like (CD3ε) | 9.7–14 nM | 25 nM | 1:1.8–2.6 | Pillarisetti et al. (2020a), Janssen Biotech (2023) |
| Tebentafusp | ImmTAC (BiTE-like, disulfide bond-stabilized, soluble TCR fused to α-CD3 scFv, no effector function) | 1:1 | NA | ∼77 kDa | 7.5 h | gp100/HLA-A*02:01 | Affinity-matured TCR | UCHT1 (CD3ε) | 24 pM | 38 nM | 1:1,583 | Choi et al. (2024), Immunocore (2024), Liddy et al. (2012) |
| Tarlatamab (AMG 757) | HLE-BiTE (BiTE fused to attenuated IgG1-Fc with engineered CH2 disulfide bond) | 1:1 | N297G | ∼105 kDa | 11.2 d | DLL3 | XenoMouse-derived scFv | SP34-like (CD3ε) | 640 pM | 14.9 nM | 1:23 | Amgen (2024b), Giffin et al. (2021), Jacobsen et al. (2017) |
| Catumaxomab (LP-000, Removab) | Triomab trifunctional mAB (rat/mouse hybrid IgG2, quadroma technology, FcγR binding enabled) | 1:1 | None | 150 kDa | 2.5 d (plasma) | EpCAM | Mouse IgG2a Ho-3 | Rat IgG2b 26/II/6 | Not found. 560 pM (SPR) | Not found | Not found | Chelius et al. (2010), EMA (2025), Ruf et al. (2007), Syed (2025) |
Additional discussions are in references Choi et al. (2024), Falchi et al. (2023), and Strohl (2024). d, day(s); BCMA, B cell maturation antigen, also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17); CD19, cluster of differentiation 19; CD20, cluster of differentiation 20; h, hour(s); gp100, glycoprotein 100, also known as premelanosome protein (PMEL); GPRC5D, G protein–coupled receptor family C group 5 member D; hIgG1, humanized IgG1; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; HLE, half-life extension; KIH, knobs-into-holes (Spiess et al., 2013); LLOQ, lower limit of quantification; MW, molecular weight; NA, not applicable; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; T1/2, serum half-life; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; w, week(s).