Table 7.

Standardized ND test battery

Test (reference)Domain/test descriptionAge of participants tested (6–16 potentially)/who completed testing
ABAS-3 (12) Adaptive function includes the skills needed to effectively and independently care for oneself, respond to others, and meet the demands of home, school, and the community
The ABAS-3 measures the general adaptive composite (all skill areas), which includes:
Conceptual domain: (communication, academic skill, and task completion)
Social domain: (personal interaction and social responsibility)
Practical domain: (personal and health needs at school and community) 
All ages, completed by parents only 
Beck Youth Inventory (depression and anxiety) (22) Emotional adjustment assess depression and anxiety
Clinical ranges are based on T scores from the standardization sample
Mildly elevated =T scores of 55–59 were obtained by <25% of the standardization sample
Moderately elevated = T scores of 60–69 and were obtained by <15% of the standardization sample
Extremely elevated = T scores >70 were obtained by <5% of the standardization sample 
Ages 7–16 years, completed by subjects 
Beery-Buktenica Development Test-6 (23) Visual-Motor Integration (VMI)
The VMI assesses the visual-perceptual skills (a child’s ability to make sense of and interpret what they see) and visual-motor skills (ability to translate a visual image or plan into a motor action) 
All ages, completed by subjects 
BASC-3 (24) Emotional/behavioral adjustment
The following composite scores were analyzed: (a) behavioral symptoms that assess levels of anxiety, depression, attention problems, hyperactivity, and aggression
(b) internalizing problems that consist of a child’s emotional of psychological state and typically include depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints
(c) externalizing problems that are manifested in a child’s outward behavior and reflect negatively on the external environment (e.g., disruptive, hyperactive, and aggressive behavior) 
All ages, completed by parents only 
BRIEF-2 (25) Executive function (self- and parent report)
Assesses the child’s everyday behaviors associated with executive function at home and at school. There are three components of the test: the behavior regulation index, the emotion regulation index, and the cognitive regulation index. There is an overall summary score, the global executive composite score 
Ages 11–16 years, completed by both subjects and parents
Ages 6–10 years, this was completed by parents only 
CVLT-C (26) Verbal learning and memory
Assesses long-term memory based on the ability to recall words from a list 
All ages, completed by subjects 
D-KEFS Tower Test and Trail Making Test) (27) Executive function
A collection of interrelated functions responsible for guiding, directing, and managing cognitive emotional and behavioral responses 
Ages 8–16 years, completed by subjects 
WISC-V (28) Overall intellectual function
The FSIQ consists of subtests measuring verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed 
All ages, completed by subjects 
Test (reference)Domain/test descriptionAge of participants tested (6–16 potentially)/who completed testing
ABAS-3 (12) Adaptive function includes the skills needed to effectively and independently care for oneself, respond to others, and meet the demands of home, school, and the community
The ABAS-3 measures the general adaptive composite (all skill areas), which includes:
Conceptual domain: (communication, academic skill, and task completion)
Social domain: (personal interaction and social responsibility)
Practical domain: (personal and health needs at school and community) 
All ages, completed by parents only 
Beck Youth Inventory (depression and anxiety) (22) Emotional adjustment assess depression and anxiety
Clinical ranges are based on T scores from the standardization sample
Mildly elevated =T scores of 55–59 were obtained by <25% of the standardization sample
Moderately elevated = T scores of 60–69 and were obtained by <15% of the standardization sample
Extremely elevated = T scores >70 were obtained by <5% of the standardization sample 
Ages 7–16 years, completed by subjects 
Beery-Buktenica Development Test-6 (23) Visual-Motor Integration (VMI)
The VMI assesses the visual-perceptual skills (a child’s ability to make sense of and interpret what they see) and visual-motor skills (ability to translate a visual image or plan into a motor action) 
All ages, completed by subjects 
BASC-3 (24) Emotional/behavioral adjustment
The following composite scores were analyzed: (a) behavioral symptoms that assess levels of anxiety, depression, attention problems, hyperactivity, and aggression
(b) internalizing problems that consist of a child’s emotional of psychological state and typically include depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints
(c) externalizing problems that are manifested in a child’s outward behavior and reflect negatively on the external environment (e.g., disruptive, hyperactive, and aggressive behavior) 
All ages, completed by parents only 
BRIEF-2 (25) Executive function (self- and parent report)
Assesses the child’s everyday behaviors associated with executive function at home and at school. There are three components of the test: the behavior regulation index, the emotion regulation index, and the cognitive regulation index. There is an overall summary score, the global executive composite score 
Ages 11–16 years, completed by both subjects and parents
Ages 6–10 years, this was completed by parents only 
CVLT-C (26) Verbal learning and memory
Assesses long-term memory based on the ability to recall words from a list 
All ages, completed by subjects 
D-KEFS Tower Test and Trail Making Test) (27) Executive function
A collection of interrelated functions responsible for guiding, directing, and managing cognitive emotional and behavioral responses 
Ages 8–16 years, completed by subjects 
WISC-V (28) Overall intellectual function
The FSIQ consists of subtests measuring verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed 
All ages, completed by subjects 

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