Table 1.

Ongoing clinical trials using MCIs (FMT, probiotics, or dietary interventions) in combination with immunotherapy


NCT number (Ref.)
MCIImmunotherapy treatmentCancer typeEnrolment (estimated)PhaseCountryStartStatus
FMT 
NCT04116775 FMT Pembrolizumab Metastatic castration–resistant
Prostate cancer 
32 USA 10-30-2019 Unknown 
NCT04130763 (Peng et al., 2023) FMT capsules Anti-PD-1 GI cancer 10 China 12-05-2019 Completed 
NCT04163289 (Fernandes et al., 2022) FMT Nivolumab + ipilimumab RCC 20 Canada 01-23-2020 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04521075 FMT capsules Nivolumab + ipilimumab Melanoma, NSCLC 42 1–2 Israel 11-01-2020 Unknown 
NCT04758507 (Ciccarese et al., 2024; Porcari et al., 2022) FMT from donors who are responding to ICB Standard of care RCC 50 1–2 Italy 02-18-2021 Active, not recruiting 
NCT03819296 (Wang et al., 2023) FMT from healthy volunteers ICB Melanoma, genitourinary, MSN, lung 800 1–2 USA 02-21-2021 Recruiting 
NCT04729322 FMT from ICB-responding patients Pembrolizumab or nivolumab Metastatic dMMR CRC 15 USA 02-22-2021 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04924374 FMT capsules from three donors Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 NSCLC 25 N/A Spain 04-23-2021 Completed 
NCT04577729 Allogenic or Autologous FMT ICB Melanoma N/A Austria 05-21-2021 Terminated 
NCT05008861 Capsulized FMT Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 NSCLC 20 China 09-01-2021 Unknown 
NCT04056026 FMT infusion from a healthy family d
onor via colonoscopy 
Pembrolizumab Metastatic mesothelioma USA 09-18-2021 Completed 
NCT04951583 (Elkrief et al., 2024a) FMT Pembrolizumab
Ipilimumab + nivolumab 
Metastatic melanoma, uveal melanoma, NSCLC 45 Canada 11-16-2021 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04988841 FMT from pooled donors (MaaT013) Ipilimumab + nivolumab Melanoma 60 France 01-20-2022 Recruiting 
NCT05273255 FMT from patients responding to ICB therapy, via colonoscopy ICB Refractory malignancy 18 N/A Switzerland 03-14-2022 Completed 
NCT05286294 (Ullern et al., 2024) FMT from ICB-responding patients ICB Melanoma, NSCLC, CSCC, HNSCC, RCC, MSI+ solid cancer 20 Norway 06-28-2022 Recruiting 
NCT05279677 FMT Sintilimab + fruquintinib CRC 30 China 08-12-2022 Unknown 
NCT05251389 (Borgers et al., 2022) FMT from an ICB-responding or an ICB-non-responding donor Anti-PD-1 Metastatic melanoma 24 1–2 Netherlands 08-31-2022 Recruiting 
NCT05533983 FMT from a single donor, responder patients Nivolumab Advanced solid cancers 50 N/A Republic of Korea 09-10-2022 Not yet recruiting 
NCT05750030 FMT from HCC responder patients Atezolizumab + bevacizumab Refractory HCC 12 Austria 05-16-2023 Recruiting 
NCT05502913 (Massalha et al., 2023) FMT from complete responder patients ICB ± CTX Lung cancer 80 Israel 09-01-2023 Recruiting 
NCT05690048 FMT capsules Atezolizumab + bevacizumab HCC 48 Germany 01-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06346093 FMT capsules Anti-PD-L1 + CTX Advanced gastric cancer 66 N/A China 04-02-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06405113 FMT SOX + sintilimab Advanced gastric cancer 198 China 06-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06403111 FMT Tislelizumab + CTX NSCLC 62 China 06-01-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06486220 FMT (oral healthy intestinal bacterium freeze-dried powder capsules) Anti-PD-1 + CTX Metastatic NPC 96 China 07-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT05669846 (Burns et al., 2024) FMT from durable-remission patients Pembrolizumab NSCLC 26 USA 12-27-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06643533 FMT capsules Sintilimab + lenvatinib + CTX HCC 15 N/A China 01-01-2025 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06030037 (Wang et al., 2024) FMT from responder patients Pembrolizumab + lenvatinib Melanoma 56 USA 01-31-2025 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06801665 FMT QL1706 + bevacizumab + CTX MSS+ CRC 30 China 02-01-2025 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06623461 LND101 FMT ICB Advanced melanoma 128 Canada 02-28-2025 Not yet recruiting 
Probiotics 
NCT03595683 EDP1503: Bifidobacterium spp. Pembrolizumab Melanoma USA 10-02-2018 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04699721 Bifidobacterium trifidum live powder (BiFico, SINE) Nivolumab + CTX NSCLC 60 China 07-01-2020 Active, not recruiting 
NCT05620004 Bifidobacterium bifidum Carrilizumab + apatinib mesylate HCC 30 1-2 China 11-01-2021 Unknown 
NCT05094167 Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium V9(Kex02) Carrilizumab + CTX NSCLC 46 N/A China 10-19-2021 Unknown 
NCT05032014 Lactobacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 Anti-PD-1 Liver cancer 46 N/A China 11-19-2021 Unknown 
NCT05220124 Live combined (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus capsules) ICB UBC 190 China 01-05-2022 Unknown 
NCT05354102 (Perets et al., 2024) BMC128 Nivolumab ccRCC/cutaneous melanoma/NSCLC 11 Israel 05-01-2022 Active, not recruiting 
NCT05865730 Oncobax-AK: Akkermansia massiliensis ICB NSCLC/RCC 122 France 10-01-2022 Recruiting 
NCT06399419 CBM588: Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Nivolumab or ipilimumab RCC 28 USA 06-19-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06448572 EXL01: Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Nivolumab Advanced/metastatic NSCLC 21 1–2 France 07-16-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06508034 VSL#3 450B (live freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria probiotic) Ipilimumab +/− anti-PD-1 or PD-L1
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 +/− CTX 
Solid malignancy 30 N/A USA 07-31-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06428422 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 Nivolumab NSCLC 100 N/A Turkey 08-12-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06551272 EXL01: Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Atezolizumab + bevacizumab HCC 34 France 12-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06768931 Biolosion Anti-PD-1 + CTX TNBC 192 China 01-08-2025 Recruiting 
NCT06823323 Lactobacillus johnsonii CapeOX + pembrolizumab mCRC 150 N/A China 03-01-2025 Not yet recruiting 
Diet 
NCT04552418 Dietary intervention Potato-based dietary starch supplement with dual ICB HER2+, HR+, and HER2-negative or triple-negative breast cancer 12 USA 06-02-2021 Completed 
NCT05805319 Dietary intervention Increased fiber intake concomitant with ICB NSCLC 80 N/A Canada 04-27-2023 Recruiting 
NCT06438588 Dietary intervention Fasting mimicking diet before ICB Advanced solid cancers 10 N/A USA 03-06-2024 Recruiting 

NCT number (Ref.)
MCIImmunotherapy treatmentCancer typeEnrolment (estimated)PhaseCountryStartStatus
FMT 
NCT04116775 FMT Pembrolizumab Metastatic castration–resistant
Prostate cancer 
32 USA 10-30-2019 Unknown 
NCT04130763 (Peng et al., 2023) FMT capsules Anti-PD-1 GI cancer 10 China 12-05-2019 Completed 
NCT04163289 (Fernandes et al., 2022) FMT Nivolumab + ipilimumab RCC 20 Canada 01-23-2020 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04521075 FMT capsules Nivolumab + ipilimumab Melanoma, NSCLC 42 1–2 Israel 11-01-2020 Unknown 
NCT04758507 (Ciccarese et al., 2024; Porcari et al., 2022) FMT from donors who are responding to ICB Standard of care RCC 50 1–2 Italy 02-18-2021 Active, not recruiting 
NCT03819296 (Wang et al., 2023) FMT from healthy volunteers ICB Melanoma, genitourinary, MSN, lung 800 1–2 USA 02-21-2021 Recruiting 
NCT04729322 FMT from ICB-responding patients Pembrolizumab or nivolumab Metastatic dMMR CRC 15 USA 02-22-2021 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04924374 FMT capsules from three donors Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 NSCLC 25 N/A Spain 04-23-2021 Completed 
NCT04577729 Allogenic or Autologous FMT ICB Melanoma N/A Austria 05-21-2021 Terminated 
NCT05008861 Capsulized FMT Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 NSCLC 20 China 09-01-2021 Unknown 
NCT04056026 FMT infusion from a healthy family d
onor via colonoscopy 
Pembrolizumab Metastatic mesothelioma USA 09-18-2021 Completed 
NCT04951583 (Elkrief et al., 2024a) FMT Pembrolizumab
Ipilimumab + nivolumab 
Metastatic melanoma, uveal melanoma, NSCLC 45 Canada 11-16-2021 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04988841 FMT from pooled donors (MaaT013) Ipilimumab + nivolumab Melanoma 60 France 01-20-2022 Recruiting 
NCT05273255 FMT from patients responding to ICB therapy, via colonoscopy ICB Refractory malignancy 18 N/A Switzerland 03-14-2022 Completed 
NCT05286294 (Ullern et al., 2024) FMT from ICB-responding patients ICB Melanoma, NSCLC, CSCC, HNSCC, RCC, MSI+ solid cancer 20 Norway 06-28-2022 Recruiting 
NCT05279677 FMT Sintilimab + fruquintinib CRC 30 China 08-12-2022 Unknown 
NCT05251389 (Borgers et al., 2022) FMT from an ICB-responding or an ICB-non-responding donor Anti-PD-1 Metastatic melanoma 24 1–2 Netherlands 08-31-2022 Recruiting 
NCT05533983 FMT from a single donor, responder patients Nivolumab Advanced solid cancers 50 N/A Republic of Korea 09-10-2022 Not yet recruiting 
NCT05750030 FMT from HCC responder patients Atezolizumab + bevacizumab Refractory HCC 12 Austria 05-16-2023 Recruiting 
NCT05502913 (Massalha et al., 2023) FMT from complete responder patients ICB ± CTX Lung cancer 80 Israel 09-01-2023 Recruiting 
NCT05690048 FMT capsules Atezolizumab + bevacizumab HCC 48 Germany 01-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06346093 FMT capsules Anti-PD-L1 + CTX Advanced gastric cancer 66 N/A China 04-02-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06405113 FMT SOX + sintilimab Advanced gastric cancer 198 China 06-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06403111 FMT Tislelizumab + CTX NSCLC 62 China 06-01-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06486220 FMT (oral healthy intestinal bacterium freeze-dried powder capsules) Anti-PD-1 + CTX Metastatic NPC 96 China 07-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT05669846 (Burns et al., 2024) FMT from durable-remission patients Pembrolizumab NSCLC 26 USA 12-27-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06643533 FMT capsules Sintilimab + lenvatinib + CTX HCC 15 N/A China 01-01-2025 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06030037 (Wang et al., 2024) FMT from responder patients Pembrolizumab + lenvatinib Melanoma 56 USA 01-31-2025 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06801665 FMT QL1706 + bevacizumab + CTX MSS+ CRC 30 China 02-01-2025 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06623461 LND101 FMT ICB Advanced melanoma 128 Canada 02-28-2025 Not yet recruiting 
Probiotics 
NCT03595683 EDP1503: Bifidobacterium spp. Pembrolizumab Melanoma USA 10-02-2018 Active, not recruiting 
NCT04699721 Bifidobacterium trifidum live powder (BiFico, SINE) Nivolumab + CTX NSCLC 60 China 07-01-2020 Active, not recruiting 
NCT05620004 Bifidobacterium bifidum Carrilizumab + apatinib mesylate HCC 30 1-2 China 11-01-2021 Unknown 
NCT05094167 Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium V9(Kex02) Carrilizumab + CTX NSCLC 46 N/A China 10-19-2021 Unknown 
NCT05032014 Lactobacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 Anti-PD-1 Liver cancer 46 N/A China 11-19-2021 Unknown 
NCT05220124 Live combined (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus capsules) ICB UBC 190 China 01-05-2022 Unknown 
NCT05354102 (Perets et al., 2024) BMC128 Nivolumab ccRCC/cutaneous melanoma/NSCLC 11 Israel 05-01-2022 Active, not recruiting 
NCT05865730 Oncobax-AK: Akkermansia massiliensis ICB NSCLC/RCC 122 France 10-01-2022 Recruiting 
NCT06399419 CBM588: Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Nivolumab or ipilimumab RCC 28 USA 06-19-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06448572 EXL01: Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Nivolumab Advanced/metastatic NSCLC 21 1–2 France 07-16-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06508034 VSL#3 450B (live freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria probiotic) Ipilimumab +/− anti-PD-1 or PD-L1
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 +/− CTX 
Solid malignancy 30 N/A USA 07-31-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06428422 Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 Nivolumab NSCLC 100 N/A Turkey 08-12-2024 Recruiting 
NCT06551272 EXL01: Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Atezolizumab + bevacizumab HCC 34 France 12-01-2024 Not yet recruiting 
NCT06768931 Biolosion Anti-PD-1 + CTX TNBC 192 China 01-08-2025 Recruiting 
NCT06823323 Lactobacillus johnsonii CapeOX + pembrolizumab mCRC 150 N/A China 03-01-2025 Not yet recruiting 
Diet 
NCT04552418 Dietary intervention Potato-based dietary starch supplement with dual ICB HER2+, HR+, and HER2-negative or triple-negative breast cancer 12 USA 06-02-2021 Completed 
NCT05805319 Dietary intervention Increased fiber intake concomitant with ICB NSCLC 80 N/A Canada 04-27-2023 Recruiting 
NCT06438588 Dietary intervention Fasting mimicking diet before ICB Advanced solid cancers 10 N/A USA 03-06-2024 Recruiting 

ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma; CRC, colorectal cancer; CSCC, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; CTX, chemotherapy; dMMR, mismatch repair deficiency; GI, gastrointestinal; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HR, hormone receptor; ICB, immune checkpoint blockade; mCRC, metastatic colorectal cancer; MSI-H, high microsatellite instability; MSN, malignant solid neoplasm; N/A, not applicable; NCT, National Clinical Trial; NSCLC, non–small-cell lung cancer; NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; UBC, urothelial bladder carcinoma. All information was collected from https://clinicaltrials.gov.

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