Table 1.

Genes with known somatic GEI

Gene (protein)ChrDiseaseMechanismVAF in affected cell typesMethod of discoveryReferences
Somatic GEI that are phenocopies of germline GEI 
FADD chr11 ALPS LOF NA ES, SS, PS Pellé et al. (2024)  
FAS chr10 ALPS LOF 1–50% in DNTs PS, SS Dowdell et al. (2010), Holzelova et al. (2004), López-Nevado et al. (2021)  
KRAS chr12 RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease (RALD) GOF NA ES, SS Moritake et al. (2016), Niemela et al. (2011)  
NRAS chr1 RALD GOF 49–67% in blood ES, pyro, AS Mensa-Vilaró et al. (2019), Shiota et al. (2015)  
MEFV (Pyrin) chr16 Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) GOF 46% in PMNs and blood SS, AS Shinar et al. (2015)  
NLRP3 chr1 CAPS GOF 4–36% in blood ES, SC, AS, SS Saito et al. (2005), Tanaka et al. (2011), Zhou et al. (2015)  
NOD2 chr16 Blau syndrome GOF 7–13% in blood SS, AS de Inocencio et al. (2015), Mensa-Vilaró et al. (2019)  
TMEM173 (STING) chr5 STING-associated vasculopathy, infantile onset (SAVI) GOF NA SS Clarke et al. (2016)  
TNFRSF1A chr12 TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS) GOF 21–30% in blood and immune cells PS, SS Kontzias et al. (2019), Rowczenio (2016)  
JAK1 chr1 JAK1 GOF GOF 27% in blood ES Gruber et al. (2020)  
CYBB (gp91-phox) chrX XL chronic granulomatous disease (XL-CGD) LOF NA SS Wolach et al. (2005)  
Somatic GEI that are partial phenocopies of germline GEI 
NLRC4 chr2 NLRC4 GOF GOF ∼45% in blood ES De Langhe et al. (2023)  
RAP1B chr12 Immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia GOF 40% in blood ES Benavides-Nieto et al. (2024)  
STAT3 chr17 AD hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) LOF/DN NA  SS Hsu et al. (2013)  
Somatic GEI with a distinct clinical phenotype from germline GEI in the same gene 
IL6ST (gp130) chr5 Neonatal onset immunodeficiency with autoinflammation and dysmorphy GOF 10% in blood ES, AS Materna-Kiryluk et al. (2021)  
PIK3R1 (p85) chr5 Sweet syndrome GOF 50% in neutrophils GS Bhattacharya et al. (2023)  
Primarily somatic GEI 
UBA1 chrX Vacuoles, E1-enzyme, XL, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) LOF 35–80% in blood; 60–95% in myeloid cells ES Beck et al. (2020)  
STAT5B chr17 STAT5B GOF GOF ∼10% B cells; ∼45% T cells PS Ma et al. (2017b)  
TLR8 chrX Inflammation, neutropenia, bone marrow failure and lymphoproliferation associated with TLR8 (INFLTR8) GOF 8–26% in blood and sorted immune cells ES Aluri et al. (2021a)  
Gene (protein)ChrDiseaseMechanismVAF in affected cell typesMethod of discoveryReferences
Somatic GEI that are phenocopies of germline GEI 
FADD chr11 ALPS LOF NA ES, SS, PS Pellé et al. (2024)  
FAS chr10 ALPS LOF 1–50% in DNTs PS, SS Dowdell et al. (2010), Holzelova et al. (2004), López-Nevado et al. (2021)  
KRAS chr12 RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease (RALD) GOF NA ES, SS Moritake et al. (2016), Niemela et al. (2011)  
NRAS chr1 RALD GOF 49–67% in blood ES, pyro, AS Mensa-Vilaró et al. (2019), Shiota et al. (2015)  
MEFV (Pyrin) chr16 Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) GOF 46% in PMNs and blood SS, AS Shinar et al. (2015)  
NLRP3 chr1 CAPS GOF 4–36% in blood ES, SC, AS, SS Saito et al. (2005), Tanaka et al. (2011), Zhou et al. (2015)  
NOD2 chr16 Blau syndrome GOF 7–13% in blood SS, AS de Inocencio et al. (2015), Mensa-Vilaró et al. (2019)  
TMEM173 (STING) chr5 STING-associated vasculopathy, infantile onset (SAVI) GOF NA SS Clarke et al. (2016)  
TNFRSF1A chr12 TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS) GOF 21–30% in blood and immune cells PS, SS Kontzias et al. (2019), Rowczenio (2016)  
JAK1 chr1 JAK1 GOF GOF 27% in blood ES Gruber et al. (2020)  
CYBB (gp91-phox) chrX XL chronic granulomatous disease (XL-CGD) LOF NA SS Wolach et al. (2005)  
Somatic GEI that are partial phenocopies of germline GEI 
NLRC4 chr2 NLRC4 GOF GOF ∼45% in blood ES De Langhe et al. (2023)  
RAP1B chr12 Immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia GOF 40% in blood ES Benavides-Nieto et al. (2024)  
STAT3 chr17 AD hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) LOF/DN NA  SS Hsu et al. (2013)  
Somatic GEI with a distinct clinical phenotype from germline GEI in the same gene 
IL6ST (gp130) chr5 Neonatal onset immunodeficiency with autoinflammation and dysmorphy GOF 10% in blood ES, AS Materna-Kiryluk et al. (2021)  
PIK3R1 (p85) chr5 Sweet syndrome GOF 50% in neutrophils GS Bhattacharya et al. (2023)  
Primarily somatic GEI 
UBA1 chrX Vacuoles, E1-enzyme, XL, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) LOF 35–80% in blood; 60–95% in myeloid cells ES Beck et al. (2020)  
STAT5B chr17 STAT5B GOF GOF ∼10% B cells; ∼45% T cells PS Ma et al. (2017b)  
TLR8 chrX Inflammation, neutropenia, bone marrow failure and lymphoproliferation associated with TLR8 (INFLTR8) GOF 8–26% in blood and sorted immune cells ES Aluri et al. (2021a)  

NA, not available; PMN, polymorphonuclear cells; ES, exome sequencing; SS, Sanger sequencing; SC, subcloning; AS, amplicon sequencing; GS, genome sequencing; PS, panel sequencing; pyro, pyrosequencing.

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