Characteristics and outcomes in the 167 trauma patients and 37 healthy control subjects
| Parameter | Controls (n = 37) | Total cohort (n = 167) | Uncomplicated recovery patient (<5 d; n = 55) | Complicated recovery patient (14 d, no recovery by 28 d, or death; n = 41) | Probability |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (yr) | 30 ± 8 | 34 ± 1 (33, 25–44) | 33 ± 2 (32, 21–43) | 34 ± 2 (34, 26–42) | P = 0.466a |
| Sex (male/female) | 22/15 | 106/61 | 30/25 | 30/11 | P = 0.090c |
| APACHE II | ND | 27.3 ± 0.5 (28, 24–32) | 24.4 ± 0.8 (25, 21–29) | 29.4 ± 0.8 (29, 26–33) | P < 0.001a |
| Maximum abbreviated injury scale (AIS) | ND | 4.0 ± 0.1 (4, 3–5) | 3.8 ± 0.1 (4, 3–5) | 4.2 ± 0.1 (4, 4–5) | P = 0.050b |
| Head AIS | ND | 3.0 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 2.9 ± 0.3 (3, 2–4) | 3.1 ± 0.3 (3, 2–4) | P = 0.659b |
| Face/neck AIS | ND | 1.7 ± 0.1 (2, 1–2) | 1.6 ± 0.2 (2, 1–2) | 1.6 ± 0.2 (1, 1–2) | P = 0.586b |
| Thorax AIS | ND | 3.4 ± 0.1 (3, 3–4) | 3.1 ± 0.2 (3, 3–4) | 3.3 ± 0.2 (3, 3–4) | P = 0.497b |
| Abdomen AIS | ND | 3.2 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 3.4 ± 0.2 (4, 2–4) | 3.6 ± 0.2 (4, 3–4) | P = 0.561b |
| Spine AIS | ND | 2.1 ± 0.1 (2) | 2.0 ± 0.0 (2) | 2.0 ± 0.0 (2) | P = 1.000b |
| Upper extremity/lower extremity AIS | ND | 3.3 ± 0.1 (3, 3–4) | 3.1 ± 0.2 (3) | 3.4 ± 0.2 (3, 3–5) | P = 0.233b |
| ISS | ND | 31.3 ± 1.0 (33, 22–41) | 26.2 ± 1.8 (24, 17–35) | 35.7 ± 2.0 (38, 27–42) | P < 0.001a |
| New ISS | ND | 36.3 ± 1.0 (34, 27–43) | 32.6 ± 1.8 (29, 22–40) | 39.8 ± 1.9 (41, 29–44) | P = 0.004b |
| Total transfusion (ml) administered within the fist 24 h | 0 | 2,425 ± 158 (1,900, 1,050–3,000) | 1,705 ± 172 (1,400, 700–2,229) | 2,952 ± 423 (2,150, 1,050–3,500) | P = 0.005b |
| Total crystalloid (ml) administered within the fist 24 h | 0 | 12,891 ± 557 (10,800, 8,276–15,800) | 10,544 ± 765 (9,070, 7,409–12,163) | 15,226 ± 1,530 (12,935, 8,728–18,683) | P = 0.003b |
| Worst base deficit | ND | −9.8 ± 0.4 (−9.1, −12.0 to −6.4) | −9.2 ± 0.4 (−8.9, −11.6 to −6.4) | −10.6 ± 0.8 (−10.3, −13.8 to −6.0) | P = 0.133a |
| Lowest systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ND | 89.4 ± 1.5 (86, 78–103) | 92.3 ± 3.0 (88, 80–108) | 86.6 ± 3.0 (84, 77–97) | P = 0.121b |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Survival | ND | 96% (160/7) | 100% | 83% (34/7) | NA |
| Maximum modified Marshall score | ND | 5.5 ± 0.2 (5, 3–7) | 3.0 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 8.8 ± 0.4 (8, 7–10) | NA |
| Hospital length of stay (d) | 0 | 24.8 ± 1.4 (21, 12–32) | 15.2 ± 1.7 (12, 9–18) | 35.8 ± 3.6 (30, 23–42) | NA |
| Intensive care unit length of stay (d) | 0 | 13.0 ± 0.9 (9, 5–18) | 4.8 ± 0.4 (5, 3–6) | 25.1 ± 2.3 (21, 18–30) | NA |
| Time to recovery (d) | 0 | 10.2 ± 0.6 (7, 4–15) | 2.9 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 22.0 ± 0.9 (20, 18–28) | NA |
| Integral of MOF over days | 0 | 46.8 ± 3.4 (32, 14–69) | 10.8 ± 0.9 (11, 6–15) | 97.0 ± 6.6 (87, 67–113) | NA |
| Complications | |||||
| Noninfectious complications | 0 | 51.5% (86/81) | 5.5% (3/52) | 90.2% (37/4) | P < 0.001c |
| Nosocomial infections | 0 | 54.5% (91/76) | 20.0% (11/44) | 85.4% (35/6) | P < 0.001c |
| Surgical site infections | 0 | 22.2% (37/130) | 7.3% (4/51) | 41.5% (17/24) | P < 0.001c |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia (cases/1,000 ICU days) | 0 | 24.0 | 3.8 | 25.3 | P = 0.030d |
| Parameter | Controls ( | Total cohort ( | Uncomplicated recovery patient (<5 d; | Complicated recovery patient (14 d, no recovery by 28 d, or death; | Probability |
| Age (yr) | 30 ± 8 | 34 ± 1 (33, 25–44) | 33 ± 2 (32, 21–43) | 34 ± 2 (34, 26–42) | P = 0.466 |
| Sex (male/female) | 22/15 | 106/61 | 30/25 | 30/11 | P = 0.090 |
| APACHE II | ND | 27.3 ± 0.5 (28, 24–32) | 24.4 ± 0.8 (25, 21–29) | 29.4 ± 0.8 (29, 26–33) | P < 0.001 |
| Maximum abbreviated injury scale (AIS) | ND | 4.0 ± 0.1 (4, 3–5) | 3.8 ± 0.1 (4, 3–5) | 4.2 ± 0.1 (4, 4–5) | P = 0.050 |
| Head AIS | ND | 3.0 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 2.9 ± 0.3 (3, 2–4) | 3.1 ± 0.3 (3, 2–4) | P = 0.659 |
| Face/neck AIS | ND | 1.7 ± 0.1 (2, 1–2) | 1.6 ± 0.2 (2, 1–2) | 1.6 ± 0.2 (1, 1–2) | P = 0.586 |
| Thorax AIS | ND | 3.4 ± 0.1 (3, 3–4) | 3.1 ± 0.2 (3, 3–4) | 3.3 ± 0.2 (3, 3–4) | P = 0.497 |
| Abdomen AIS | ND | 3.2 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 3.4 ± 0.2 (4, 2–4) | 3.6 ± 0.2 (4, 3–4) | P = 0.561 |
| Spine AIS | ND | 2.1 ± 0.1 (2) | 2.0 ± 0.0 (2) | 2.0 ± 0.0 (2) | P = 1.000 |
| Upper extremity/lower extremity AIS | ND | 3.3 ± 0.1 (3, 3–4) | 3.1 ± 0.2 (3) | 3.4 ± 0.2 (3, 3–5) | P = 0.233 |
| ISS | ND | 31.3 ± 1.0 (33, 22–41) | 26.2 ± 1.8 (24, 17–35) | 35.7 ± 2.0 (38, 27–42) | P < 0.001 |
| New ISS | ND | 36.3 ± 1.0 (34, 27–43) | 32.6 ± 1.8 (29, 22–40) | 39.8 ± 1.9 (41, 29–44) | P = 0.004 |
| Total transfusion (ml) administered within the fist 24 h | 0 | 2,425 ± 158 (1,900, 1,050–3,000) | 1,705 ± 172 (1,400, 700–2,229) | 2,952 ± 423 (2,150, 1,050–3,500) | P = 0.005 |
| Total crystalloid (ml) administered within the fist 24 h | 0 | 12,891 ± 557 (10,800, 8,276–15,800) | 10,544 ± 765 (9,070, 7,409–12,163) | 15,226 ± 1,530 (12,935, 8,728–18,683) | P = 0.003 |
| Worst base deficit | ND | −9.8 ± 0.4 (−9.1, −12.0 to −6.4) | −9.2 ± 0.4 (−8.9, −11.6 to −6.4) | −10.6 ± 0.8 (−10.3, −13.8 to −6.0) | P = 0.133 |
| Lowest systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | ND | 89.4 ± 1.5 (86, 78–103) | 92.3 ± 3.0 (88, 80–108) | 86.6 ± 3.0 (84, 77–97) | P = 0.121 |
| Survival | ND | 96% (160/7) | 100% | 83% (34/7) | NA |
| Maximum modified Marshall score | ND | 5.5 ± 0.2 (5, 3–7) | 3.0 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 8.8 ± 0.4 (8, 7–10) | NA |
| Hospital length of stay (d) | 0 | 24.8 ± 1.4 (21, 12–32) | 15.2 ± 1.7 (12, 9–18) | 35.8 ± 3.6 (30, 23–42) | NA |
| Intensive care unit length of stay (d) | 0 | 13.0 ± 0.9 (9, 5–18) | 4.8 ± 0.4 (5, 3–6) | 25.1 ± 2.3 (21, 18–30) | NA |
| Time to recovery (d) | 0 | 10.2 ± 0.6 (7, 4–15) | 2.9 ± 0.1 (3, 2–4) | 22.0 ± 0.9 (20, 18–28) | NA |
| Integral of MOF over days | 0 | 46.8 ± 3.4 (32, 14–69) | 10.8 ± 0.9 (11, 6–15) | 97.0 ± 6.6 (87, 67–113) | NA |
| Noninfectious complications | 0 | 51.5% (86/81) | 5.5% (3/52) | 90.2% (37/4) | P < 0.001 |
| Nosocomial infections | 0 | 54.5% (91/76) | 20.0% (11/44) | 85.4% (35/6) | P < 0.001 |
| Surgical site infections | 0 | 22.2% (37/130) | 7.3% (4/51) | 41.5% (17/24) | P < 0.001 |
| Ventilator-associated pneumonia (cases/1,000 ICU days) | 0 | 24.0 | 3.8 | 25.3 | P = 0.030 |
MOF, multiple organ failure; NA, not applicable. Values represent the mean ± SEM, with median and middle quartiles indicated in parentheses. Significance was designated at the P < 0.05 level of confidence.
Data were analyzed by the Student’s t test.
Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney signed rank test.
Data were analyzed by the Fisher’s exact text.
Data were analyzed by the exact binomial test.
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