Virus receptors used in this study
| Virus | Family | Receptors | Reference |
| Old World arenaviruses | Arenaviridae | α-Dystroglycan | Cao et al., 1998 |
| New World arenaviruses | Arenaviridae | Transferrin receptor | Radoshitzky et al., 2007 |
| Norovirus | Caliciviridae | HBGA | Huang et al., 2003; Lindesmith et al., 2003 |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae | Hsp70 | Das et al., 2009 |
| Influenza A | Orthomyxoviridae | Sialic acid | Matlin et al., 1981 |
| Henipahvirus | Paramyxoviridae | Nephrin B2 | Negrete et al., 2005 |
| Bunyavirus | Phleboviridae | DC-SIGN | Kaplan et al., 1996 |
| Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae | TIM-1 | Lozach et al., 2011b |
| Poliovirus | Picornaviridae | CD155 | Mendelsohn et al., 1989 |
| Rhinovirus (major group) | Picornaviridae | ICAM-1 | Greve et al., 1989; Staunton et al., 1989 |
| Rhinovirus (minor group) | Picornaviridae | LDLR | Hofer et al., 1994 |
| John Cunningham polyomavirus | Polyomaviridae | LSTc | Neu et al., 2010 |
| SV40 polyomavirus | Polyomaviridae | GM1 | Tsai et al., 2003 |
| Reovirus | Reoviridae | JAM | Barton et al., 2001 |
| Sindbis virus | Togaviridae | Laminin receptor | Wang et al., 1992 |
| SARS coronavirus | Coronaviridae | ACE 2 or L-SIGN | Li et al., 2003; Jeffers et al., 2004 |
| Herpes simplex virus 1/2 | Herpesviridae | Nectin-1/2 or HVEM | Montgomery et al., 1996; Geraghty et al., 1998; Krummenacher et al., 1998 |
| Measles virus | Paramyxoviridae | SLAM or Nectin-4 | Tatsuo et al., 2000; Noyce et al., 2011 |
| Enterovirus 71 | Picornaviridae | PSGL-1 or SR-B2 | Nishimura et al., 2009; Yamayoshi et al., 2009 |
| Human T cell leukemia virus 1 | Retroviridae | GLUT-1 or Neuropilin-1 | Manel et al., 2003; Ghez et al., 2006 |
| Adenovirus 2 | Adenoviridae | CAR and αv integrins | Wickham et al., 1993; Bergelson et al., 1997; Tomko et al., 1997 |
| Ebola virus | Filoviridae | TIM-1 and NPC1 | Carette et al., 2011; Côté et al., 2011; Kondratowicz et al., 2011 |
| HCV | Flaviviridae | CD81 and SR-B1(claudin-1 and occludin) | Pileri et al., 1998; Scarselli et al., 2002; Evans et al., 2007; Ploss et al., 2009 |
| Epstein–Barr virus | Herpesviridae | CD21 and MHC-II | Fingeroth et al., 1984; Li et al., 1997 |
| Coxsackievirus B | Picornaviridae | DAF and CAR (occludin) | Bergelson et al., 1997; Martino et al., 1998; Coyne et al., 2007 |
| Rotavirus | Reoviridae | Sialic acid and integrins | Yolken et al., 1987; Coulson et al., 1997; Guerrero et al., 2000 |
| HIV | Retroviridae | CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 | Dalgleish et al., 1984; Klatzman et al., 1984; Choe et al., 1996; Deng et al., 1996; Dragic et al., 1996; Feng et al., 1996 |
| Virus | Family | Receptors | Reference |
| Old World arenaviruses | Arenaviridae | α-Dystroglycan | Cao et al., 1998 |
| New World arenaviruses | Arenaviridae | Transferrin receptor | Radoshitzky et al., 2007 |
| Norovirus | Caliciviridae | HBGA | Huang et al., 2003; Lindesmith et al., 2003 |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae | Hsp70 | Das et al., 2009 |
| Influenza A | Orthomyxoviridae | Sialic acid | Matlin et al., 1981 |
| Henipahvirus | Paramyxoviridae | Nephrin B2 | Negrete et al., 2005 |
| Bunyavirus | Phleboviridae | DC-SIGN | Kaplan et al., 1996 |
| Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae | TIM-1 | Lozach et al., 2011b |
| Poliovirus | Picornaviridae | CD155 | Mendelsohn et al., 1989 |
| Rhinovirus (major group) | Picornaviridae | ICAM-1 | Greve et al., 1989; Staunton et al., 1989 |
| Rhinovirus (minor group) | Picornaviridae | LDLR | Hofer et al., 1994 |
| John Cunningham polyomavirus | Polyomaviridae | LSTc | Neu et al., 2010 |
| SV40 polyomavirus | Polyomaviridae | GM1 | Tsai et al., 2003 |
| Reovirus | Reoviridae | JAM | Barton et al., 2001 |
| Sindbis virus | Togaviridae | Laminin receptor | Wang et al., 1992 |
| SARS coronavirus | Coronaviridae | ACE 2 or L-SIGN | Li et al., 2003; Jeffers et al., 2004 |
| Herpes simplex virus 1/2 | Herpesviridae | Nectin-1/2 or HVEM | Montgomery et al., 1996; Geraghty et al., 1998; Krummenacher et al., 1998 |
| Measles virus | Paramyxoviridae | SLAM or Nectin-4 | Tatsuo et al., 2000; Noyce et al., 2011 |
| Enterovirus 71 | Picornaviridae | PSGL-1 or SR-B2 | Nishimura et al., 2009; Yamayoshi et al., 2009 |
| Human T cell leukemia virus 1 | Retroviridae | GLUT-1 or Neuropilin-1 | Manel et al., 2003; Ghez et al., 2006 |
| Adenovirus 2 | Adenoviridae | CAR and αv integrins | Wickham et al., 1993; Bergelson et al., 1997; Tomko et al., 1997 |
| Ebola virus | Filoviridae | TIM-1 and NPC1 | Carette et al., 2011; Côté et al., 2011; Kondratowicz et al., 2011 |
| HCV | Flaviviridae | CD81 and SR-B1(claudin-1 and occludin) | Pileri et al., 1998; Scarselli et al., 2002; Evans et al., 2007; Ploss et al., 2009 |
| Epstein–Barr virus | Herpesviridae | CD21 and MHC-II | Fingeroth et al., 1984; Li et al., 1997 |
| Coxsackievirus B | Picornaviridae | DAF and CAR (occludin) | Bergelson et al., 1997; Martino et al., 1998; Coyne et al., 2007 |
| Rotavirus | Reoviridae | Sialic acid and integrins | Yolken et al., 1987; Coulson et al., 1997; Guerrero et al., 2000 |
| HIV | Retroviridae | CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 | Dalgleish et al., 1984; Klatzman et al., 1984; Choe et al., 1996; Deng et al., 1996; Dragic et al., 1996; Feng et al., 1996 |
Virus particles engage a variety of cell surface molecules to facilitate entry. Some virus particles use single-receptor species; others use alternative molecules, either of which is sufficient, whereas other viruses require a specific combination of receptors. Factors in parentheses may not directly interact with virus particles; however, they are necessary for virus entry. Examples from each category are given and illustrate the diversity of receptors. The majority of the viruses listed are human pathogens. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; DAF, decay-accelerating factor; HBGA, histoblood group antigen; HVEM, herpesvirus entry mediator; JAM, junctional adhesion molecule; PSGL-1, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; SLAM, signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule.