Table 1. List of super-resolution... | Rockefeller University Press

Table 1.

List of super-resolution microscopy techniques

Technique	Principle	Resolution		Comments	Applications in spines and synapses
Technique	Principle	Lateral (XY)	Axial (Z)	Comments	Applications in spines and synapses
CLSM		250 nm	500 nm
TPLSM	Two-photon excitation	350 nm	700 nm	Deeper tissue penetration; adaptive optics further improve	Helmchen and Denk, 2005; Ji, 2017
STED	Stimulated emission (Vicidomini et al., 2018)	20–70 nm	500 nm	3-D STED increases axial resolution; chronic in vivo imaging is possible	Nägerl et al., 2008; Berning et al., 2012; Pfeiffer et al., 2018
SIM	Moiré effect with structured illumination (Wu and Shroff, 2018)	100 nm	250 nm	No need for special fluorophores; limited resolution improvement	Kashiwagi et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020
SMLM (PALM, STORM)	Photoactivation, photoconversion (Baddeley and Bewersdorf, 2018)	10–30 nm	30–60 nm	High spatial resolution; temporal resolution is relatively worse	Dani et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2016
ExM	Physical expansion of sample (Wassie et al., 2019)	4–20-fold improvement	4–20-fold improvement	Capable of combining with other imaging techniques, only for fixed samples	Gao et al., 2019; Sarkar et al., 2020 Preprint

Technique	Principle	Resolution		Comments	Applications in spines and synapses
Technique	Principle	Lateral (XY)	Axial (Z)	Comments	Applications in spines and synapses
CLSM		250 nm	500 nm
TPLSM	Two-photon excitation	350 nm	700 nm	Deeper tissue penetration; adaptive optics further improve	Helmchen and Denk, 2005; Ji, 2017
STED	Stimulated emission (Vicidomini et al., 2018)	20–70 nm	500 nm	3-D STED increases axial resolution; chronic in vivo imaging is possible	Nägerl et al., 2008; Berning et al., 2012; Pfeiffer et al., 2018
SIM	Moiré effect with structured illumination (Wu and Shroff, 2018)	100 nm	250 nm	No need for special fluorophores; limited resolution improvement	Kashiwagi et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020
SMLM (PALM, STORM)	Photoactivation, photoconversion (Baddeley and Bewersdorf, 2018)	10–30 nm	30–60 nm	High spatial resolution; temporal resolution is relatively worse	Dani et al., 2010; Tang et al., 2016
ExM	Physical expansion of sample (Wassie et al., 2019)	4–20-fold improvement	4–20-fold improvement	Capable of combining with other imaging techniques, only for fixed samples	Gao et al., 2019; Sarkar et al., 2020 Preprint

CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; SMLM, single-molecule localization microscopy; STORM, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy; TPLSM, two-photon laser scanning microscopy.