| # . | Reference . | [Na+]i . | Notes . |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Horvath et al., 1955 | [Na+]i higher (and [K+]i lower) in dystrophic than in normal muscle fibers | Horvath et al. (1955) is referenced in Rudman et al. (1972); biopsy, elemental analysis; fibers of 20 patients with unspecified muscular dystrophies. |
| 2 | Dunn et al., 1993 | Diaphragm, gastrocnemius control: 13.0, 13 mdx: 23.5, 24 | Two techniques: Na+ electrode for diaphragm, cyto-volumetrics plus serum and bulk muscle Na+ values for gastrocnemius. Mice. |
| 3 | Hirn et al., 2008 | 1.4× more 22Na+ uptake in mdx than in control | 22Na+ uptake. Tetrodotoxin reduces uptake in both and makes them identical (see their Fig. 1). Mice. |
| 4 | Miles et al., 2011 | Control: 11.5 mM; mdx: 22.5 mM | Na+-dye measurements. Mice. |
| 5 | Weber et al., 2011, 2012 | Total sodium content: volunteers: 25–26 mM; DMD patients: 38 mM | 23Na-MRI. First noninvasive observation of chronic Na+ overload; German DMD patient cohort. Authors wondered if ↑myoplasmic Na+ might signify cytotoxic osmotic Na+ loading…but see 10. |
| 6 | Lehmann-Horn et al., 2012 | Sustained small decrease of cytoplasmic Na+ (and H2O) overload (n = 1) | 23Na-MRI, pilot study, prolonged off-label eplerenone treatment, one 22-yr-old female DMD patient. |
| 7 | Altamirano et al., 2014 | Vastus lateralis control: 8 mM; mdx: 18 mM | Na+ electrodes. Shear-stress stimulation of NO pathway reduced mdx [Na+]i to 10 mM without altering control level (see their Fig. 1 B). Mice. |
| 8 | Burr et al., 2014 | Control: 5.3 mM; mdx: 7.3 mM | Na+ electrodes (see their Fig. 10). Mice. |
| 9 | Glemser et al., 2017 | ∼20% drop in muscle Na+ overload (n = 1) | 23Na-MRI, pilot study, 6 mo off-label eplerenone treatment, one 7-yr-old male DMD patient (see their Table 1). |
| 10 | Gerhalter et al., 2019 | Total sodium content: volunteers: 16.5 mM; DMD patients: 26 mM | 23Na-MRI, French DMD patient cohort. Na+ overload regularly observed in the absence of water T2 increases; this is, therefore, nonosmotic Na+ loading (see also 9). |
| # . | Reference . | [Na+]i . | Notes . |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Horvath et al., 1955 | [Na+]i higher (and [K+]i lower) in dystrophic than in normal muscle fibers | Horvath et al. (1955) is referenced in Rudman et al. (1972); biopsy, elemental analysis; fibers of 20 patients with unspecified muscular dystrophies. |
| 2 | Dunn et al., 1993 | Diaphragm, gastrocnemius control: 13.0, 13 mdx: 23.5, 24 | Two techniques: Na+ electrode for diaphragm, cyto-volumetrics plus serum and bulk muscle Na+ values for gastrocnemius. Mice. |
| 3 | Hirn et al., 2008 | 1.4× more 22Na+ uptake in mdx than in control | 22Na+ uptake. Tetrodotoxin reduces uptake in both and makes them identical (see their Fig. 1). Mice. |
| 4 | Miles et al., 2011 | Control: 11.5 mM; mdx: 22.5 mM | Na+-dye measurements. Mice. |
| 5 | Weber et al., 2011, 2012 | Total sodium content: volunteers: 25–26 mM; DMD patients: 38 mM | 23Na-MRI. First noninvasive observation of chronic Na+ overload; German DMD patient cohort. Authors wondered if ↑myoplasmic Na+ might signify cytotoxic osmotic Na+ loading…but see 10. |
| 6 | Lehmann-Horn et al., 2012 | Sustained small decrease of cytoplasmic Na+ (and H2O) overload (n = 1) | 23Na-MRI, pilot study, prolonged off-label eplerenone treatment, one 22-yr-old female DMD patient. |
| 7 | Altamirano et al., 2014 | Vastus lateralis control: 8 mM; mdx: 18 mM | Na+ electrodes. Shear-stress stimulation of NO pathway reduced mdx [Na+]i to 10 mM without altering control level (see their Fig. 1 B). Mice. |
| 8 | Burr et al., 2014 | Control: 5.3 mM; mdx: 7.3 mM | Na+ electrodes (see their Fig. 10). Mice. |
| 9 | Glemser et al., 2017 | ∼20% drop in muscle Na+ overload (n = 1) | 23Na-MRI, pilot study, 6 mo off-label eplerenone treatment, one 7-yr-old male DMD patient (see their Table 1). |
| 10 | Gerhalter et al., 2019 | Total sodium content: volunteers: 16.5 mM; DMD patients: 26 mM | 23Na-MRI, French DMD patient cohort. Na+ overload regularly observed in the absence of water T2 increases; this is, therefore, nonosmotic Na+ loading (see also 9). |