| Organelle or compartment . | Targeting strategy . | Measured parameters . |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | NLS, nuclear microinjection | Ca2+ (Allbritton et al., 1994) |
| ER | Hydrophobicity, alkyl chain | Ca2+ (Hofer et al., 1998; Landolfi et al., 1998) |
| pH (Reddy G et al., 2015) | ||
| Cu2+ (Lee et al., 2014) | ||
| PM inner surface | Hydrophobic tail | Ca2+ (Vorndran et al., 1995) |
| membrane potential (González and Tsien, 1995; Peterka et al., 2011; St-Pierre et al., 2015) | ||
| Mitochondrial matrix | Membrane potential | Ca2+ (Hajnóczky et al., 1995) |
| Zn2+ (Masanta et al., 2011; Sreenath et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012b; Chyan et al., 2014) | ||
| thiols (Lim et al., 2011) | ||
| H2O2 (Dickinson and Chang, 2008) | ||
| pH (Sarkar et al., 2016) | ||
| superoxide (Robinson et al., 2006) | ||
| membrane potential (Nicholls, 2012) | ||
| Acidic compartments | pH gradient, endocytosis | pH (Zhu et al., 2012; Miao et al., 2013; Lv et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Yapici et al., 2015) |
| thiols (Kand et al., 2015) | ||
| Ca2+ (Gilroy and Jones, 1992; Schlatterer et al., 1992) | ||
| vesicle recycling (Gaffield and Betz, 2007; Li et al., 2009) | ||
| neurotransmitter release (Gubernator et al., 2009) |
| Organelle or compartment . | Targeting strategy . | Measured parameters . |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | NLS, nuclear microinjection | Ca2+ (Allbritton et al., 1994) |
| ER | Hydrophobicity, alkyl chain | Ca2+ (Hofer et al., 1998; Landolfi et al., 1998) |
| pH (Reddy G et al., 2015) | ||
| Cu2+ (Lee et al., 2014) | ||
| PM inner surface | Hydrophobic tail | Ca2+ (Vorndran et al., 1995) |
| membrane potential (González and Tsien, 1995; Peterka et al., 2011; St-Pierre et al., 2015) | ||
| Mitochondrial matrix | Membrane potential | Ca2+ (Hajnóczky et al., 1995) |
| Zn2+ (Masanta et al., 2011; Sreenath et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2012b; Chyan et al., 2014) | ||
| thiols (Lim et al., 2011) | ||
| H2O2 (Dickinson and Chang, 2008) | ||
| pH (Sarkar et al., 2016) | ||
| superoxide (Robinson et al., 2006) | ||
| membrane potential (Nicholls, 2012) | ||
| Acidic compartments | pH gradient, endocytosis | pH (Zhu et al., 2012; Miao et al., 2013; Lv et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Yapici et al., 2015) |
| thiols (Kand et al., 2015) | ||
| Ca2+ (Gilroy and Jones, 1992; Schlatterer et al., 1992) | ||
| vesicle recycling (Gaffield and Betz, 2007; Li et al., 2009) | ||
| neurotransmitter release (Gubernator et al., 2009) |