Table 1. Acute stimulation of the Na ,K... | Rockefeller University Press

Table 1.

Acute stimulation of the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps in skeletal muscle

Stimulating hormones, agents, and conditions	Mechanisms of action
Epinephrine, norepinephrine	Stimulate generation of cAMP, which in turn activates the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps via PKA, increasing the affinity of the Na⁺K⁺ pumps for Na⁺
Isoproterenol, salbutamol, salmeterol
Other β₂ agonists
β₃ agonists
Calcitonins	Stimulate generation of cAMP
CGRP	“
Amylin	“
cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP	Activates Na⁺,K⁺ pumps via PKA
Theophylline	Inhibits phosphodiesterase A, which degrades cAMP. This leads to intracellular accumulation of cAMP. Theophylline is a degradation product of caffeine.
Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I	Both act via the insulin receptors, increasing the affinity of Na⁺,K⁺ pumps for Na⁺
Monensin	A Na⁺ ionophore that increases [Na⁺]_i, which directly stimulates the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps
Veratridine	Augments the Na⁺ influx per action potential, thereby increasing [Na⁺]_i
Excitation	Augments [Na⁺] influx, thereby increasing [Na⁺]_i
Increasing temperature	When temperature increases 10°C, the rate of Na⁺,K⁺ pumping increases 2.3-fold
ATP, ADP	Stimulate the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps via purinergic receptors

Stimulating hormones, agents, and conditions	Mechanisms of action
Epinephrine, norepinephrine	Stimulate generation of cAMP, which in turn activates the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps via PKA, increasing the affinity of the Na⁺K⁺ pumps for Na⁺
Isoproterenol, salbutamol, salmeterol
Other β₂ agonists
β₃ agonists
Calcitonins	Stimulate generation of cAMP
CGRP	“
Amylin	“
cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP	Activates Na⁺,K⁺ pumps via PKA
Theophylline	Inhibits phosphodiesterase A, which degrades cAMP. This leads to intracellular accumulation of cAMP. Theophylline is a degradation product of caffeine.
Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I	Both act via the insulin receptors, increasing the affinity of Na⁺,K⁺ pumps for Na⁺
Monensin	A Na⁺ ionophore that increases [Na⁺]_i, which directly stimulates the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps
Veratridine	Augments the Na⁺ influx per action potential, thereby increasing [Na⁺]_i
Excitation	Augments [Na⁺] influx, thereby increasing [Na⁺]_i
Increasing temperature	When temperature increases 10°C, the rate of Na⁺,K⁺ pumping increases 2.3-fold
ATP, ADP	Stimulate the Na⁺,K⁺ pumps via purinergic receptors