TABLE 1.

List of species for which literature data were obtained and sources

Common name Scientific name References 
Fishes   
Narrow-mouthed lamprey Geotria australis Collin et al., 2003  
South hemisphere lamprey Mordacia mordax Collin et al., 1999, 2004; Collin and Pottert, 2000  
Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Dickson and Graves, 1979  
River lamprey Lampetra japonica Ishikawa et al.,1987, 1989  
Southern fiddler ray Trygonorhina fasciata Braekevelt, 1992a  
Short tail stingray Dasyatis brevicaudata Braekevelt, 1994a  
Blue spotted mask ray Dasyatis kuhlii Kohbara et al., 1987; Theiss et al., 2007  
Giant shovelnose ray Rhinobatus typus Hart et al., 2004  
Eastern shovelnose ray Aptychotrema rostrata Hart et al., 2004; Litherland and Collin, 2008  
Sting ray Dasyatis sayi Hamasaki and Gruber, 1965  
Electric ray Narcine brasilensis Ali and Anctil, 1974  
Freshwater sting ray Paratrygon motoro Ali and Anctil, 1974  
Red stingray Dasyatis akaiei Kohbara et al., 1987  
Sepia stingray Urolophus aurantiacus Kohbara et al., 1987  
Thornback ray Platyrhina sinensis Kohbara et al., 1987  
Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias Stell, 1972  
Mediterranean dogfish Centroscysmus coelolepis Bozzano, 2004  
Small spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula Bozzanao et al., 2001  
Black mouth dogfish Galeus mealstomus Bozzanao et al., 2001  
Longsnout dogfish Deania eglantina Kohbara et al., 1987  
Nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum Hamasaki and Gruber, 1965  
Lemon shark Negaprion brevirostris Gruber et al., 1963  
Great white shark Carcharodon carcharias Gruber et al., 1975; Gruber and Cohen, 1985  
Mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus Gruber et al., 1975  
Thresher shark Alopias vulpinus Gruber et al., 1975  
Blue shark Prionace glauca Gruber et al., 1975; Kohbara et al., 1987  
Banded houndshark Triakis scyllia Kohbara et al., 1987  
Silky shark Carcharinus falciformis Gruber et al., 1975  
White tip shark Carcharinus longimanus Gruber et al., 1975  
Sandbar shark Carcharinus milberti Gruber et al., 1975  
Brown bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum Harahush et al., 2009  
White tip reef shark Triaenodon obesus Litherland and Collin, 2008  
Epaulette shark Hemiscyllium ocellatum Litherland and Collin, 2008  
Ornate wobbegong Orectolobus ornatus Litherland and Collin, 2008  
Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri Bailes et al., 2006  
South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa Ali and Anctil, 1973  
Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Locket, 1973  
Green sturgeon Acipenser medirostru Sillman et al., 2005  
Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus Sillman et al., 2005  
Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri Govardovskii et al., 1992  
Amur sturgeon Acipenser shrenckii Fang et al., 2004  
Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus Sillman et al., 1999a  
Paddlefish Polyodon spathula Sillman et al., 1999a; Sillman and Dahlin, 2004  
Florida garfish Lepisosteus platyrhincus Collin and Collin, 1993  
Bowfin Amia calva Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Goldeye Hiodon alosoides Braekevelt, 1982  
European eel Anguilla anguilla Braekevelt, 1984, 1985, 1988a,b  
American eel Anguila rostrata Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Northern anchovy Engraulis mordax Novales Flamarique, 2011  
Goldfish Carassius auratus Stell and Hárosi, 1976  
Carp Cyprinus carpio Bunt and Klock, 1980  
Japanese dace Tribolodon hakonensis Hárosi and Hashimoto, 1983  
Roach Leucisus rutilus Engström and Rosstorp, 1963; Zaunreiter et al., 1991  
Tench Tinca tinca Douglas and Wagner, 1982  
Zebrafish Danio rerio Nawrocki et al., 1985; Forsell et al., 2001; Kim et al.,2005  
Cutlips minnow Exoglossum maxillingua Collin et al., 1996a  
Silverjaw minnow Ericymba buccata Moore et al., 1950  
Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus Collin et al., 1996b  
Gangfish Loregonus lavateus Reckel et al., 1999  
Common white sucker Catostomus commersoni Novales Flamarique and Hárosi, 1997; Novales Flamarique and Hawryshyn, 1998  
Razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus Novales Flamarique et al., 2007  
Channel catfish Ictalurus puntatus Sillman et al., 1993  
White catfish Ictalurus catus Sillman et al., 1993  
Brown bullhead Ictalurus nebulosus Welsh and Osborn, 1937; Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Cheng et al., 2006, 2007  
Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta Cheng et al., 2006  
Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Cheng et al., 2006  
Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha Cheng et al., 2006  
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Novales Flamarique, 2002, 2011; Cheng et al., 2006  
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Kusmic and Gualtieri, 2000; Cheng and Novales Flamarique, 2007; Cheng et al., 2007, 2009  
Smelt Osmerus eperlanus Reckel et al., 2003  
Salamander fish Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Collin and Collin, 1998  
Waryfish Scopelosaurus lepidus Munk, 1977  
Greenland cod Gadus ogac Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Antarctic cod Dissostichus mawsoni Meyer-Rochow and Klyne, 1982  
Bald rock cod Trematomus borchgrevinki Meyer-Rochow and Klyne, 1982  
Emerald rock cod Trematomus bernacchii Meyer-Rochow and Klyne, 1982  
Common cod Gadus callarias Engström, 1961  
Burbot Lota lota Engström, 1961  
Tadpole fish Raniceps raninus Engström, 1961  
Silver hake Merluccius bilinearis Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Capelin Mallotus villosus Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Mummichog killifish Fundulus heteroclitus Anctil and Ali, 1976; Novales Flamarique and Hárosi, 2000  
Mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus Ali et al., 1989  
Four-eyed fish Anableps anableps Borwein and Hollenberg, 1973  
Guppy Lebistes reticulatus Müller, 1952; Yacob et al., 1977; MacNichol et al., 1978; Kunz et al., 1983  
Pipefish Corythoichthyes paxtoni Collin and Collin, 1999  
Halfbeak Dermogenys pusillus Reckel et al., 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003  
Australian rainbowfish Melanotaenia maccullochi Reckel et al., 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003  
Celebes rainbowfish Marosatherina ladigesi Reckel et al., 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003  
Sea needle Belone belone Reckel et al., 2001, 2002; Reckel and Melzer, 2003  
Lesser weever Trachinus vipera Kunz et al., 1985  
European perch Perca fluviatilis Ahlbert, 1973; Guma’a, 1982  
Yellow perch Perca flavescens Ali and Anctil, 1976  
Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Burnside and Ackland, 1984; Dearry and Barlow, 1987  
Butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi Braekevelt, 1990a  
Black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri Shand et al., 1999  
Blackstriped cardinalfish Apogon angustatus Fishelson et al., 2004  
Iridescent cadinalfish Apogon kallopterus Fishelson et al., 2004  
Yellowstriped cardinalfish Apogon cyanosoma Fishelson et al., 2004  
Cook’s cardinalfish Apogon cookie Fishelson et al., 2004  
Rock bass Ambloplites rupestris Munz and McFarland, 1977  
Large-mouth bass Micropterus salmoides García and de Juan, 1999  
Striped bass Morone saxatilis Paillart et al., 2006  
West Australian dhufish Glaucosoma hebraicum Shand et al., 2001  
Black sea bass Centropristis striata Singarajah and Hárosi, 1992  
Snake mackerel Gempylus serpens Munk, 1985  
Walleye Stizosteidon vitreum vitreum Zyznar and Ali, 1975; Januschka et al., 1987  
Sauger Stizosteidon canadense Ali and Anctil, 1977  
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Braekevelt et al., 1998  
Golden dwarf cichlid Nannacara anomala Wagner, 1978; Douglas and Wagner, 1982  
Velvet cichlid Astronotus ocellatus Braekevelt, 1992b  
Burton’s haplochromis Haplochromis burtoni Pietzsch-Rohrschneider, 1976  
Goldsinny wrasse Ctenolabrus suillus Engström, 1963  
Corkwing wrasse Crenilabrus melops Engström, 1963  
Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus Evans and Fernald, 1993  
Amphibians   
African clawed frog Xenopus laevis Kinney and Fisher, 1978a,b; Hollyfield et al., 1984; Röhlich et al., 1989; Röhlich and Szél, 2000  
Leopard frog Rana pipiens Nilsson, 1965  
Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Hisatomi et al., 1998  
Edible frog Rana esculenta Reichenbach and Fuchs, 1983  
Tropical toad Bufo marinus Moody and Robertson, 1960; Hárosi, 1975  
Tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Hárosi, 1975; Mariani, 1986; Braekevelt, 1993a; Sherry et al., 1998; Ma et al., 2001  
Axotol Ambystoma mexicanum Custer, 1973  
Red-back salamander Plethodon cinereus Braekevelt, 1992c  
Newt Triturus viridescens Keefe, 1971  
Birds   
Chicken Gallus domesticus Meyer and May, 1973; Araki et al., 1984; Szél et al., 1986; Oishi et al., 1990  
Pigeon Columba livia Cohen, 1963; Mariani and Leure-duPree, 1978; Cserháti et al., 1989  
Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Braekevelt, 1994b  
Great blue heron Ardea Herodias Rojas et al., 1999a  
Yellow-crowned heron Nycticorax violaceus Rojas et al., 1999a  
Black-crowned heron Nycticorax nycticorax Gondo and Ando, 1995  
Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Rojas et al., 1999a  
Tricolored egret Egretta tricolor Rojas et al., 1999a  
American white ibis Eudocimus ruber Rojas et al., 1999a  
Roseate spoonbill Ajaia ajaja Rojas et al., 1999a  
Wilson’s plover Charadrius wilsonia Rojas et al., 1999b  
Short-billed dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Rojas et al., 1999b  
American woodcock Scolopax minor Rojas et al., 1999b  
Black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus Rojas et al., 1999b  
Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Rojas et al., 1999b  
Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Braekevelt, 1993b  
Great horned owl Bubo virginianus Braekevelt, 1993c  
Barred owl Strix varia Braekevelt et al., 1996  
Mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos Braekevelt, 1990b  
Australian galah Eolophus roseicapillus Braekevelt and Richardson, 1996  
Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae Braekevelt, 1998  
Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica Konishi, 1965; Oishi et al., 1990; Rojas et al., 2007  
Eastern tree sparrow Passer montanus Gondo and Ando, 1995  
House swallow Hirundo rustica Gondo and Ando, 1995  
Great tit Parus major Engström, 1958  
American robin Turdus migratorius McNeil et al., 2005  
Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus McNeil et al., 2005  
Mourning dove Zenaida macroura McNeil et al., 2005  
Common grackle Quiscalus quiscula McNeil et al., 2005  
Oil bird Steatoinis caripensis Martin et al., 2004; Rojas et al., 2004  
Common pauraque Nyctidromus albicellis Rojas et al., 2004  
Ring billed gull Larus delawarensis Emond et al., 2006  
Gray gull Larus modestus Emond et al., 2006  
Reptiles   
Red-eared slider Pseudemys scripta elegans Baylor and Fettiplace, 1975; Leeper, 1978; Kolb and Jones, 1982, 1987; Ohtsuka and Kawamata, 1990  
Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Baylor and Fettiplace; 1975; Leeper; 1978  
Reeve’s turtle Geoclemys reevesii Ohtsuka, 1985; Ohtsuka and Kawamata; 1990  
Garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis Wong; 1989; Sillman et al., 1997  
Ball python Python regius Sillman et al., 1999b  
Common boa Boa constrictor imperator Sillman et al., 2001  
Mississippi alligator Alligator mississippiensis Kalberer and Pedler, 1963; Sillman et al., 1991  
Caiman Caiman crocodilus Govardovskii et al., 1988  
Tokay gecko Gekko gecko Pedler and Tilly, 1964; Crescitelli, 1972  
Blue-tailed day gecko Phesulma inunguis Pedler and Tansley, 1963; Pedler and Tilly, 1964  
Coastal banded gecko Coleonyx variegates Dunn, 1966  
Mediterranean gecko Hemydactilus turcicus Pedler and Tilly, 1964; Loew et al., 1996  
House gecko Hemydactilus garnotii Loew et al., 1996  
Scinc gecko Teratoscincus scincus Govardovskii et al., 1984; Loew et al., 1996  
Chameleon Chamaleo chamaleo Armengol et al., 1981  
Western fence lizard Sceloporpus occidentalis Young, 1977; Bernstein et al., 1984  
Ornate dragon lizard Ctenophorus ornatus Barbour et al., 2002  
Tuatara Sphenodon punctatu Meyer-Rochow et al., 2005  
Bouton’s skink Cryptoblepharus boutonii Röll, 2001  
Mammals   
Stumptail macaque Macaca arctoides Hoang et al., 2002  
Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Cohen, 1961; Leach, 1963; Dowling, 1965; Young, 1971; Borwein et al., 1980  
Crab-eating macaque Macaca fascicularis Borwein et al., 1980  
Pigtail macaque Macaca nemestrina Packer et al., 1989  
Owl monkey Aotes trivirgatus Jones, 1965; Murray et al., 1973; Ogden, 1975  
Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops Braekevelt, 1987  
Human Homo sapiens Missotten, 1966; Dieterich and Rohen, 1970; Steinberg et al., 1977; Curcio et al., 1990; Hoang et al., 2002  
Dog Canis domesticus Shively et al., 1970; Hebel, 1971  
Wolf Canis lupus Peichl et al., 2001  
Cat Felis domesticus Steinberg et al., 1973; Braekevelt, 1990c  
Ferret Mustela putorius furo Braekevelt, 1983a  
Mink Mustela vison Dubin and Turner, 1977; Braekevelt, 1990d  
Spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta Calderone et al., 2003  
Rabbit Oryctologus cuniculus Szél et al., 1988  
Cow Bos taurus Szél et al., 1988  
Pig Sus scrofa domesticus Szél et al., 1988; Hendrickson and Hicks, 2002  
Domestic sheep Ovis aries Braekevelt, 1983b  
Mouflon Ovis musimon Peichl, 2005  
Long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melaena Peichl et al., 2001  
13-lined squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus West and Dowling, 1975; Anderson and Fisher, 1976  
Mexican ground squirrel Spermophilus mexicanus West and Dowling, 1975; Anderson and Fisher, 1976  
California ground squirrel Spermophilus beecheyi Anderson and Fisher, 1976  
Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Cohen, 1964; West and Dowling, 1975; Anderson and Fisher, 1976  
Western gray squirrel Sciurus griseus Anderson and Fisher, 1976  
Prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus West and Dowling, 1975  
Mouse Mus musculus Carter-Dawson and LaVail, 1979  
Tree shrew Tupaia belangeri Kühne, 1983; Foelix et al.,1987; Müller and Peichl, 1989; Petry and Hárosi, 1990; Petry et al., 1993; Knabe et al., 1997  
African giant rat Cricetomys gambianus Peichl, 2005  
Madagascar rousette Rousettus madagascariensis Müller et al., 2007  
Seba’s short-tailed bat Carollia perspicillata Müller et al., 2009  
Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Kim et al., 2008  
Monotremes and marsupials   
Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus Young and Pettigrew, 1991  
Fat-tailed dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata Arrese et al., 2002, 2003  
Honey possum Tarsipes rostratus Arrese et al., 2002, 2003  
Mouse opossum Thylamis elegans Palacios et al., 2010  
Tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii Hemmi and Grünert, 1999  
Quokka Setonix brachyurus Arrese et al., 2005  
Quenda Isoodon obesulus Arrese et al., 2005  
Agouti Dasyprocta aguti Rocha et al., 2009  

In the case of the northern anchovy, only retinal areas with regular cones were evaluated (Novales Flamarique, 2011).

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