| Type of approach . | Modality . | Institutions supporting the concept . |
|---|---|---|
| Clonal deletion using pre-apoptotic cells | With autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells; in vitro coupled to a cocktail of autoantigen-derived peptides prior to cell transfer | Cellerys |
| With autologous RBCs; in vitro coupled or loaded with autoantigens/autoantigen-peptides | Rubius Therapeutics, SQZ Biotechnologies | |
| With autologous RBCs; in vivo targeted with RBC-binding molecules fused to autoantigens/autoantigen-peptides | Anokion/Celgene, Kanyos (Anokion/Astellas) | |
| Therapeutic immunization | With peptide or whole autoantigen proteins, alone or as cocktails, with or without adjuvants | Apitope, Diamyd Medical, Immusant, Orban Biotech, UCB Pharma |
| With DNA vaccines | Tolerion | |
| With autoantigenic peptides containing thioredoxin motifs | Imcyse | |
| Cell-based approaches | Transferring autologous dendritic cells differentiated in vitro using cytokines, vitamin D3, dexamethasone, or genetically engineered to downregulate costimulatory molecules | Baylor Research Institute, Diavacs, Leiden University |
| Transferring in vitro inactivated autologous autoantigen-specific T cells to expose ergotypic antigens | Opexa Therapeutics | |
| Transferring autologous regulatory chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR–T reg) cells | Txcell/Sangamo | |
| Administering engineered bacteria expressing host autoantigens together with host immune modulators | ActoBio/Intrexon, Allero Therapeutics | |
| Engineered nanomedicines | Delivering autoantigenic peptides/proteins, alone or in combination with immunomodulatory agents, to APCs using nanoparticle vehicles | AntolRx/Pfizer, Cour Pharmaceuticals, Dendright/Janssen Biotech, Midatech Pharma, Regimmune, Selecta Biosciences, Toleranzia, Topas Therapeutics, Toralgen |
| Directly targeting autoantigen-specific T cells with pMHC proteins coated onto nanoparticles, to reprogram and expand cognate T reg cells | Parvus Therapeutics/Novartis |
| Type of approach . | Modality . | Institutions supporting the concept . |
|---|---|---|
| Clonal deletion using pre-apoptotic cells | With autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells; in vitro coupled to a cocktail of autoantigen-derived peptides prior to cell transfer | Cellerys |
| With autologous RBCs; in vitro coupled or loaded with autoantigens/autoantigen-peptides | Rubius Therapeutics, SQZ Biotechnologies | |
| With autologous RBCs; in vivo targeted with RBC-binding molecules fused to autoantigens/autoantigen-peptides | Anokion/Celgene, Kanyos (Anokion/Astellas) | |
| Therapeutic immunization | With peptide or whole autoantigen proteins, alone or as cocktails, with or without adjuvants | Apitope, Diamyd Medical, Immusant, Orban Biotech, UCB Pharma |
| With DNA vaccines | Tolerion | |
| With autoantigenic peptides containing thioredoxin motifs | Imcyse | |
| Cell-based approaches | Transferring autologous dendritic cells differentiated in vitro using cytokines, vitamin D3, dexamethasone, or genetically engineered to downregulate costimulatory molecules | Baylor Research Institute, Diavacs, Leiden University |
| Transferring in vitro inactivated autologous autoantigen-specific T cells to expose ergotypic antigens | Opexa Therapeutics | |
| Transferring autologous regulatory chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR–T reg) cells | Txcell/Sangamo | |
| Administering engineered bacteria expressing host autoantigens together with host immune modulators | ActoBio/Intrexon, Allero Therapeutics | |
| Engineered nanomedicines | Delivering autoantigenic peptides/proteins, alone or in combination with immunomodulatory agents, to APCs using nanoparticle vehicles | AntolRx/Pfizer, Cour Pharmaceuticals, Dendright/Janssen Biotech, Midatech Pharma, Regimmune, Selecta Biosciences, Toleranzia, Topas Therapeutics, Toralgen |
| Directly targeting autoantigen-specific T cells with pMHC proteins coated onto nanoparticles, to reprogram and expand cognate T reg cells | Parvus Therapeutics/Novartis |