Table 1.
Mechanisms to improve anti-tumor response and immune infiltration with selected examples
Promote innate immunity
Local inflammation Local irradiation Liu et al., 2018  
 Oncolytic viruses Raja et al., 2018  
Macrophage/DC activation CD40 Vonderheide, 2018  
 TLR or RLR agonists Li et al., 2017  
Pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNα Medrano et al., 2017  
Promote phagocytosis CD47/SIRPα Liu et al., 2017  
Vaccination DC vaccination Palucka and Banchereau, 2013  
 Peptide vaccination Kumai et al., 2017  
 Tumor cell vaccination Srivatsan et al., 2014  
Promote adaptive immunity 
Induction of tertiary lymphoid structures LIGHT Johansson-Percival et al., 2017  
Costimulatory agents CD40, CD137, GITR, ICOS, OX40 Dempke et al., 2017  
T cell activation IL-2 Jiang et al., 2016  
 Pegylated IL-10 Naing et al., 2018  
 STING Rivera Vargas et al., 2017  
Inhibition of immunosuppression 
ICB CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1 Seidel et al., 2018  
 IDO, KIR, LAG-3, Tim-3, VISTA Dempke et al., 2017  
TAM reprogramming BTK Gunderson et al., 2016  
 Class IIa HDAC Guerriero et al., 2017  
 CD40 Majety et al., 2018  
Blocking immunosuppressive cytokines TGFβ Haque and Morris, 2017  
Promote innate immunity
Local inflammation Local irradiation Liu et al., 2018  
 Oncolytic viruses Raja et al., 2018  
Macrophage/DC activation CD40 Vonderheide, 2018  
 TLR or RLR agonists Li et al., 2017  
Pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNα Medrano et al., 2017  
Promote phagocytosis CD47/SIRPα Liu et al., 2017  
Vaccination DC vaccination Palucka and Banchereau, 2013  
 Peptide vaccination Kumai et al., 2017  
 Tumor cell vaccination Srivatsan et al., 2014  
Promote adaptive immunity 
Induction of tertiary lymphoid structures LIGHT Johansson-Percival et al., 2017  
Costimulatory agents CD40, CD137, GITR, ICOS, OX40 Dempke et al., 2017  
T cell activation IL-2 Jiang et al., 2016  
 Pegylated IL-10 Naing et al., 2018  
 STING Rivera Vargas et al., 2017  
Inhibition of immunosuppression 
ICB CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1 Seidel et al., 2018  
 IDO, KIR, LAG-3, Tim-3, VISTA Dempke et al., 2017  
TAM reprogramming BTK Gunderson et al., 2016  
 Class IIa HDAC Guerriero et al., 2017  
 CD40 Majety et al., 2018  
Blocking immunosuppressive cytokines TGFβ Haque and Morris, 2017  

DC, dendritic cell; ICOS, inducible costimulator; IDO, indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase; KIR, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor; RLR, RIG-I-like receptor.

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