| Milestone years . | Approach to discover and design vaccines . | Technologies and description . | Comments and references . |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1796 | Classical vaccinology | Growing microorganisms: Growth of microorganisms allows making killed and live-attenuated vaccines or to discover antigens used for subunit vaccines. | 1796: Jenner starts growing cowpox in cows (Willis, 1997; Baxby, 1999), marking the beginning of vaccinology. |
| 1995 | . | 1995: Venter publishes the first sequencing of the entire genome from a bacterium (Fleischmann et al., 1995). | |
| 2000 | Reverse vaccinology | Genomics, high-throughput protein expression, and animal models: Vaccine antigens are discovered using the genomic information without the need for growing microorganisms. Antigens selected in silico are expressed and screened in animal models. | 2000: The first vaccine candidates based on antigens discovered by genomics are reported (Pizza et al., 2000). |
| 2012 | 2012: The first genome-based vaccine receives regulatory approval (European Medicines Agency, 2012). | ||
| 2002 | 2002: Burton proposes to use human mAbs to design new vaccines (Burton, 2002). | ||
| 2008 | Reverse vaccinology 2.0 | Genomics, high-throughput protein expression, animal models, human monoclonals, B cell repertoire deep sequencing, proteomics, and structure-based antigen design: Genomics is used not only for antigen discovery, but also for antigen expression, conservation, and for epidemiology. Human monoclonals are used to identify protective antigens/epitopes. Structural characterization of the Ab–antigen complex is used to instruct antigen design. | 2008: Dormitzer, Ulmer, and Rappuoli propose the term "structural vaccinology" to identify the emerging structure-based antigen design (Dormitzer et al., 2008). |
| 2013 | 2013: Graham and Kwong first report that RSV pre-fusion F antigen successfully derived from structure-based design is protective in the animal model (McLellan et al., 2013a). |
| Milestone years . | Approach to discover and design vaccines . | Technologies and description . | Comments and references . |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1796 | Classical vaccinology | Growing microorganisms: Growth of microorganisms allows making killed and live-attenuated vaccines or to discover antigens used for subunit vaccines. | 1796: Jenner starts growing cowpox in cows (Willis, 1997; Baxby, 1999), marking the beginning of vaccinology. |
| 1995 | . | 1995: Venter publishes the first sequencing of the entire genome from a bacterium (Fleischmann et al., 1995). | |
| 2000 | Reverse vaccinology | Genomics, high-throughput protein expression, and animal models: Vaccine antigens are discovered using the genomic information without the need for growing microorganisms. Antigens selected in silico are expressed and screened in animal models. | 2000: The first vaccine candidates based on antigens discovered by genomics are reported (Pizza et al., 2000). |
| 2012 | 2012: The first genome-based vaccine receives regulatory approval (European Medicines Agency, 2012). | ||
| 2002 | 2002: Burton proposes to use human mAbs to design new vaccines (Burton, 2002). | ||
| 2008 | Reverse vaccinology 2.0 | Genomics, high-throughput protein expression, animal models, human monoclonals, B cell repertoire deep sequencing, proteomics, and structure-based antigen design: Genomics is used not only for antigen discovery, but also for antigen expression, conservation, and for epidemiology. Human monoclonals are used to identify protective antigens/epitopes. Structural characterization of the Ab–antigen complex is used to instruct antigen design. | 2008: Dormitzer, Ulmer, and Rappuoli propose the term "structural vaccinology" to identify the emerging structure-based antigen design (Dormitzer et al., 2008). |
| 2013 | 2013: Graham and Kwong first report that RSV pre-fusion F antigen successfully derived from structure-based design is protective in the animal model (McLellan et al., 2013a). |