Animal immunizations yielding sera or mAbs that neutralize three or more subtypes
| Immunogen | Species | Neutralization | Reference |
| Oligomeric electrophilic gp120 | Mice | mAb which neutralizes 11 strains from subtypes A, B, and C, including tier 2 and 3 isolates, with intermediate potency. | Nishiyama et al., 2009 |
| Multi-subtype (ABC) gp160 DNA immunization + GM-CSF | Mice | Pooled sera from 6 animals neutralized 1 strain from subtype A and C and 3 strains from subtype B. | Rollman et al., 2004 |
| Synthetic peptide derived from C2 residues 218-239 from CRF01_AE Env | Mice | mAb neutralizes 10 strains out of 14 tested, including subtypes A, C, D, and AE but not B | Sreepian et al., 2009 |
| Formaldehyde-stabilized, heat-inactivated virion subtype B cytoplasmic tail Env mutant (more Env on surface) | Mice | Sera from 5 animals neutralized 7 strains from subtypes A, B, C, and AE | Poon et al., 2005 |
| Rabbits | Sera from 3 animals neutralized 4 strains from subtypes A, B, C, and AE but less potently than murine sera | ||
| VEE virus replicon expressing: gp140/gp160, gp160 lacking cytoplasmic tail | Mice | Sera from 6 animals neutralized 8 nonhomologous subtype B, and pooled sera neutralized subtype C and E viral pseudotypes; | Dong et al., 2003 |
| Rabbits | Sera from 3 animals neutralized subtype B (SF162) and sera from 2 of these animals also neutralized subtype B (R2) | ||
| Gp140 with novel carbopol-971p and MF59 adjuvant combination | Rabbits | Sera from 6 animals in the combined adjuvant group neutralized 6 strains from subtypes A, B, and C, 5 of which with superior potency to either adjuvants alone. | Lai et al., 2012 |
| 2F5 used to select immunogen from combinatorial libraries of recombinant human rhinoviruses displaying ELDKWA | Guinea pigs | Sera from 1 animal neutralized 9 strains from subtypes A, B, C, D, and AE with moderate/weak potency | Arnold et al., 2009 |
| Multiclade (A, B, C) gp140ΔCFI DNA (mutations in the cleavage site, fusion peptide, and interhelical regions) followed by replication defective adenovirus expressing gp140ΔCFI | Guinea pigs | Sera from 4 animals neutralized 13 strains from subtypes A, B, and C with weak potency | Chakrabarti et al., 2005 |
| Gp140 (subtype A or C), verified as homogenous and stable | Guinea pigs | Sera from animals immunized with either gp140 neutralized 1 subtype A, 2 subtype B, and 4 subtype C strains with statistically higher titers for sera resulting from subtype C gp140 rather than gp120 immunization | Kovacs et al., 2012 |
| Gp120 protein from subtype B | Llamas | VHH mAb, neutralizes up to 40% of 59 strains tested from subtypes A, B, C, BC, AG, and AE with variable potency. | Forsman et al., 2008 |
| Gp140 proteins from subtypes A and B/C | Llamas | VHH mAb, neutralizes 70–96% of strains, with 30–100 strains tested from subtypes A, B, C, BC, AG, AE, AC, ACD, D, and G | McCoy et al., 2012; Strokappe et al., 2012 |
| Gp140 | Rhesus macaques | Sera from 6 animals potently neutralized 5 strains from tier 1 (subtypes B, C, and A) and weakly neutralized 2 tier 2 strains. Protection: modest, nonsterilizing impact on acquisition of heterologous SHIV | Sundling et al., 2010 |
| Immunogen | Species | Neutralization | Reference |
| Oligomeric electrophilic gp120 | Mice | mAb which neutralizes 11 strains from subtypes A, B, and C, including tier 2 and 3 isolates, with intermediate potency. | Nishiyama et al., 2009 |
| Multi-subtype (ABC) gp160 DNA immunization + GM-CSF | Mice | Pooled sera from 6 animals neutralized 1 strain from subtype A and C and 3 strains from subtype B. | Rollman et al., 2004 |
| Synthetic peptide derived from C2 residues 218-239 from CRF01_AE Env | Mice | mAb neutralizes 10 strains out of 14 tested, including subtypes A, C, D, and AE but not B | Sreepian et al., 2009 |
| Formaldehyde-stabilized, heat-inactivated virion subtype B cytoplasmic tail Env mutant (more Env on surface) | Mice | Sera from 5 animals neutralized 7 strains from subtypes A, B, C, and AE | Poon et al., 2005 |
| Rabbits | Sera from 3 animals neutralized 4 strains from subtypes A, B, C, and AE but less potently than murine sera | ||
| VEE virus replicon expressing: gp140/gp160, gp160 lacking cytoplasmic tail | Mice | Sera from 6 animals neutralized 8 nonhomologous subtype B, and pooled sera neutralized subtype C and E viral pseudotypes; | Dong et al., 2003 |
| Rabbits | Sera from 3 animals neutralized subtype B (SF162) and sera from 2 of these animals also neutralized subtype B (R2) | ||
| Gp140 with novel carbopol-971p and MF59 adjuvant combination | Rabbits | Sera from 6 animals in the combined adjuvant group neutralized 6 strains from subtypes A, B, and C, 5 of which with superior potency to either adjuvants alone. | Lai et al., 2012 |
| 2F5 used to select immunogen from combinatorial libraries of recombinant human rhinoviruses displaying ELDKWA | Guinea pigs | Sera from 1 animal neutralized 9 strains from subtypes A, B, C, D, and AE with moderate/weak potency | Arnold et al., 2009 |
| Multiclade (A, B, C) gp140ΔCFI DNA (mutations in the cleavage site, fusion peptide, and interhelical regions) followed by replication defective adenovirus expressing gp140ΔCFI | Guinea pigs | Sera from 4 animals neutralized 13 strains from subtypes A, B, and C with weak potency | Chakrabarti et al., 2005 |
| Gp140 (subtype A or C), verified as homogenous and stable | Guinea pigs | Sera from animals immunized with either gp140 neutralized 1 subtype A, 2 subtype B, and 4 subtype C strains with statistically higher titers for sera resulting from subtype C gp140 rather than gp120 immunization | Kovacs et al., 2012 |
| Gp120 protein from subtype B | Llamas | VHH mAb, neutralizes up to 40% of 59 strains tested from subtypes A, B, C, BC, AG, and AE with variable potency. | Forsman et al., 2008 |
| Gp140 proteins from subtypes A and B/C | Llamas | VHH mAb, neutralizes 70–96% of strains, with 30–100 strains tested from subtypes A, B, C, BC, AG, AE, AC, ACD, D, and G | McCoy et al., 2012; Strokappe et al., 2012 |
| Gp140 | Rhesus macaques | Sera from 6 animals potently neutralized 5 strains from tier 1 (subtypes B, C, and A) and weakly neutralized 2 tier 2 strains. Protection: modest, nonsterilizing impact on acquisition of heterologous SHIV | Sundling et al., 2010 |