CTGF expression in MM cells was dominantly observed in sarcomatoid type tissues
| No. | Pathological subtype | Features | p-Smad2 (nuclear) | YAP (nuclear) | CTGF (cytoplasm) |
| 1 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 2 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 3 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 4 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | ± | + |
| 5 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | ± | + |
| 6 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 7 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | ± | + |
| 8 | Desmoplastic (sarcomatoid) | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 9 | Desmoplastic (sarcomatoid) | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 10 | Biphasic | Fibrous sarcomatoid, tubulopapillary | + | S: +, E: ± | S: +, E:− |
| 11 | Biphasic | Fibrous sarcomatoid, microcystic | + | S: ±, E: ± | S: +, E: + |
| 12 | Biphasic | Fibrous sarcomatoid, solid (well-differentiated) | + | S: +, E: + | S: ±, E: ± |
| 13 | Epithelioid | Fibrous microcystic | + | + | + |
| 14 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 15 | Epithelioid | Microcystic, tubulopapillary | + | + | ± |
| 16 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 17 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 18 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 19 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 20 | Epithelioid | Microcystic | + | + | − |
| 21 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | + | − |
| 22 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | + | ± |
| 23 | Epithelioid | Solid (well-differentiated) | + | + | − |
| 24 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | + | − |
| No. | Pathological subtype | Features | p-Smad2 (nuclear) | YAP (nuclear) | CTGF (cytoplasm) |
| 1 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 2 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 3 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 4 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | ± | + |
| 5 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | ± | + |
| 6 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 7 | Sarcomatoid | Fibrous | + | ± | + |
| 8 | Desmoplastic (sarcomatoid) | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 9 | Desmoplastic (sarcomatoid) | Fibrous | + | + | + |
| 10 | Biphasic | Fibrous sarcomatoid, tubulopapillary | + | S: +, E: ± | S: +, E:− |
| 11 | Biphasic | Fibrous sarcomatoid, microcystic | + | S: ±, E: ± | S: +, E: + |
| 12 | Biphasic | Fibrous sarcomatoid, solid (well-differentiated) | + | S: +, E: + | S: ±, E: ± |
| 13 | Epithelioid | Fibrous microcystic | + | + | + |
| 14 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 15 | Epithelioid | Microcystic, tubulopapillary | + | + | ± |
| 16 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 17 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 18 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 19 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | − | − |
| 20 | Epithelioid | Microcystic | + | + | − |
| 21 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | + | − |
| 22 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | + | ± |
| 23 | Epithelioid | Solid (well-differentiated) | + | + | − |
| 24 | Epithelioid | Tubulopapillary | + | + | − |
Immunohistochemical staining of 24 patients was performed using p-Smad2, YAP, and CTGF antibodies. Tissues were classified based on pathological subtypes. +, positive; ±, partially positive; −, negative; S, sarcomatoid part; E, epithelioid part.